Beautiful Number Theory Problem and Sandbox for Data Scientists

The Waring conjecture - actually a problem associated with a number of conjectures, many now being solved - is one of the most fascinating mathematical problems. This article covers new aspects of this problem, with a generalization and new conjectures, some with a tentative solution, and a new framework to tackle the problem. Yet it is written in simple English and accessible to the layman. I also review a number of famous related mathematical conjectures, including one with a $1 million award still waiting for a solution, as well as Goldbach's conjecture, yet unproved as of today. Many curious properties of the Floor function are also listed, and the emphasis is on machine learning and efficient computer-intensive algorithms to try to find surprising results, which then need to be formally proved or disproved.