Our descriptive vocabulary may still In this article I propose to describe an area of artificial contain proper names as modifiers but the explanatory intelligence (Al) research that I and several colleagues vocabulary now involves the impersonal qualities of an have been enaged in for a number of years.

This computer program accepts expressions in natural language as on-line input. It searches each expression for syntactic and semantic patterns. When a pattern match is discovered an appropriate reply is typed out in natural language so that a continuing dialogue develops between person and program. The dialogue is restricted to the context of interpersonal relations such as occurs in a psychiatric interview. The program is an interpreter/supervisor written in SUBALGOL and runs on a 32K IBM 7090 connected via a direct-data device to a PDP-1 and a Philco console.

The introduction to this paper discusses the notion of human creativity, and raises the question of designing a "creative" computer program. Creativity is assumed not to imply the possession of special mental equipment: a theory of creativity should be a theory of intellect which accounts for normal performance and enhanced performance in the same terms. Art-making is described as a form of creative behavior which demonstrates the importance of non-rational features. It is argued that the central feature of "enhanced" intellectual performance is the individual's ability to modify, by the manipulation of internal representations, his/her own mental structures. The processes of representation constrain the actions of the representer, and thus what he/she is capable of representing. Part Two examines the anatomy of Representations in technological terms: the means, the skills, and the theory of operation (of the representation process) which the individual may bring to bear, and the constraints which result. It is proposed that representations represent lower-order representations (internal models), not the external world, and that the making of external objects plays a role in "checking" internal representations of explicit information, is shown as a culturallymodulated phenomenon distinct from evocation, which draws upon more inherently human capacities. Part Three describes a program designed to investigate the interaction of a primitive internal model of world objects with a "representational technology"--the technology by means of which the -ivinternal

This book is in The Addison-Wesley Series in Artificial Intelligence. Copyright 1984 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc, All rights reserved.

See Caus-al consistency Certainty factor, 66, 86, 106, 122, 233, 245. of knowledge bases, 96, 128,253,467,470 See also Uncertainty

Paper presented at the IPN Symposium 7: Formalized Theories of Thinking and Learning and Their Implications for Science Instruction.

In August of 1980, Stanford University was the site of the annual workshop on artificial intelligence in medicine (AIM). This specialized area of medical computer science research had been born almost ten years earlier with the near-simultaneous development of AIM research groups at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (in collaboration with physicians from the Tufts New England Medical Center), the University of Pittsburgh, Rutgers University, and Stanford. These small groups of computer scientists working in the field were drawn together naturally by their common interests and by the establishment of the SUMEX-AIM network (Stanford University Medical EXperimental Computer for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine). This computing resource was established by the Biotechnology Resources Program of the NIH in 1974 and consisted of a pair of computers, one at Rutgers and one at Stanford, linked by a communications network. The funding for SUMEX-AIM not only provided computing power for researchers exploring the potential of artificial intelligence techniques in medicine but also established a series of annual workshops so that the investigators could gather to,share their insight, results, and ideas regarding approaches to the difficulties they encountered.