Developing amethod forhigh-quality reconstruction ofseenimages fromthecorresponding brain activity is an important milestone towards decoding the contents of dreams and mental imagery (Fig 1a). In this task, one attempts to solve for the mapping between fMRI recordings and their corresponding natural images, using many "labeled"{Image, fMRI} pairs (i.e., images and their corresponding fMRIresponses).

The audio, etched onto a plastic disc in 1949, predates the era when researchers could even recognize whale calls. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent six days a week. In 1970, a single record would change history.

The best-fit Gaussian distribution is denoted with adashed line.

Understanding convergence of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) based optimization algorithms can help deal with enormous machine learning problems.

Finally, we develop an efficient implementation that translates these computational savings into actual wall-clock speedup.

We refer to them astarget-causing confounders.

We show that adversarial training is unnecessary and sometimes counter-productive; we instead cast invariant representation learning asasingle information-theoretic objectivethat can bedirectly optimized.