FOLIO is an expert system to assist portfolio managers. It interviews a client and, on the basis of expert knowledge, determines the client's investment goals and the portfolio that best meets them. For example, FOLIO may determine that one client requires a preponderance of tax-free investments and a substantial hedge against rising short-term interest rates, while another is best served by a mix of low-risk dividend-oriented stocks and intermediate-term bonds. FOLIO is a test bed for a theory of heuristic reasoning about uncertainty (Cohen and Grinberg, 1983), and its task has many parallels to estab!ished Al paradigms such as diagiosis in medicine and construction of a student model in ICAI domains (Barr and Feigenbaum, 1982). FOLIO uses a goal programming algorithm (Hillier and Lieberman, 190) as a relaxation method for resolving the client's multiple goals into a portfolio that fi'.s them optimally.

It has been argued that the problem of medical diagnos.r_s is fundamentally ill-structured.

These diverse roles impose several requirements consultation programs has become known as »expert systems upon the system.

Report 82-33 Welcome to the MRS TUTOR!!! This tutor is designed to introduce you to the syntax and basic database accessing functions of MRS. This document is a transcript of an interaction with the MRS tutor. Reprinted by permission of the author. Funding for this work was provided by ONR Contract N00014-81-K-0004. Representation languages provide a way to store and retrieve facts from a computer. Since English is a grammatically and textually ambiguous language, representation systems use a more formal language to describe the world. The way in which the words or symbols of a language are put together to form phrases and sentences is termed the "syntax" or "grammar" of the language.

This paper describes techniques for representing control knowledge in preaicate calculus. A hybrid system is described in which metarules for diagnostic problem solving and their interpreter (both supplied by the NEOMYCIN program) are expressed in a form of predicate calculus (supplied by MRS). Procedural attachment is used to access and execute the untranslated domain knowledge. A simple deliberation/action loop manages the system at the highest level. There are three metalevels of reasoning.

The Stanford University component of this research is funded in part by ARPA contract #MDA903-80-C-0107, NIH contract # NIH RR 00785-10, ONR contract #N00014-79-C-0302. Compiled oy Bruce G. Buchanan November 1982 Abbreviations Used in This Bibliography: AAAI American Association for An:ficial Intelligence ACM Association for Computing Machinery AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies ECAI European Conference on Artificial Intelligence IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers IFIPS International Federation of Information Processing Societies IJCAI International Joint Cr nferences on Artificial Intelligence SIGPLAN ACM Specia! Abe, N., ltoh, F., and Tsuji, S. Toward a learning of object models using analogical objects and verbal instruction. Addis, T. R., and Hartley, R. T. A faultfinding aid u,sing a content addressable file store. ICL Technical Note TN 79, ICL Ltd., London, 1979.

In this paper I take an empirical look at the question of whether there are rational memckis of discovery and claim that computer programs provida a laboratory for experimentation on this question Recent work in artificial intelligence or Al. has produced programs capaole of serious intellectual work in science Results from Al,viii be used to show that there exist mechanized procedures for discw.ering

The application of Artificial Intelligence techniques to real-world problems has produced promising research results, but seldom has a system becoma a useful tool in its domain of expertise.

During the quarter century since the birth of the branch of computer science known as artificial intelligence (Al), much of the research has focused on developing symbolic models of human inference. In the last decade several related Al research themes have come together to form what is now known as "expert systems research."1 In this paper we review Al and expert systems to acquaint the reader with the field and to suggest ways in which this research will eventually be applied to advanced medical monitoring.

'ince much of cancer chemotherapy research this reasoning system with a high speed interface today is dependent upon rigorously designed and to help make the system acceptable to oncologists.