A key question in causal inference analyses is how to find subgroups with elevated treatment effects. This paper takes a machine learning approach and introduces a generative model, Causal Rule Sets (CRS), for interpretable subgroup discovery. A CRS model uses a small set of short decision rules to capture a subgroup where the average treatment effect is elevated. We present a Bayesian framework for learning a causal rule set. The Bayesian model consists of a prior that favors simple models for better interpretability as well as avoiding overfitting, and a Bayesian logistic regression that captures the likelihood of data, characterizing the relation between outcomes, attributes, and subgroup membership. The Bayesian model has tunable parameters that can characterize subgroups with various sizes, providing users with more flexible choices of models from the \emph{treatment efficient frontier}. We find maximum a posteriori models using iterative discrete Monte Carlo steps in the joint solution space of rules sets and parameters. To improve search efficiency, we provide theoretically grounded heuristics and bounding strategies to prune and confine the search space. Experiments show that the search algorithm can efficiently recover true underlying subgroups. We apply CRS on public and real-world datasets from domains where interpretability is indispensable. We compare CRS with state-of-the-art rule-based subgroup discovery models. Results show that CRS achieved consistently competitive performance on datasets from various domains, represented by high treatment efficient frontiers.

"Software is eating the world," US entrepreneur Marc Andreessen famously wrote in 2011. Fast-forward to today – software is in financial services and healthcare, smartphones and smart homes. Such large volumes of code, however, is a challenge to debug, maintain, and update, especially as enterprises aim to modernize their aging software infrastructure. As a result, we find ourselves in a new age where it's essential to take advantage of today's powerful technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and hybrid cloud to create new solutions that can modernize processes across the information technologies (IT) pipeline. A large dataset aimed at teaching AI to code, it consists of some 14M code samples and about 500M lines of code in more than 55 different programming languages, from modern ones like C, Java, Python, and Go to legacy languages like COBOL, Pascal, and FORTRAN.

"Artificial intelligence (AI)I will automate everything and put people out of work." "AI is a science-fiction technology." "Robots will take over the world." The hype around AI has produced many myths, in mainstream media, in board meetings and across organizations. Some worry about an "almighty" AI that will take over the world, and some think that AI is nothing more than a buzzword.

Because COVID-19 made it difficult for consumers to venture out and run their usual errands, FIs needed to find other ways to provide their services. The only way for them to really keep up with the speedy digitization was through the implementation of AI systems. To further discuss all things AI, PaymentsJournal sat down with Sudhir Jha, Mastercard SVP and head of Brighterion, and Tim Sloane, VP of Payments Innovation at Mercator Advisory Group. Jha believes that there were two fundamentally big changes that occurred in banking during the pandemic: the environment began constantly shifting, and person-to-person interactions were abruptly limited. "Every week, every month, there were different ways that we were trying to react to the pandemic," explained Jha.

Geometry problem solving has attracted much attention in the NLP community recently. The task is challenging as it requires abstract problem understanding and symbolic reasoning with axiomatic knowledge. However, current datasets are either small in scale or not publicly available. Thus, we construct a new large-scale benchmark, Geometry3K, consisting of 3,002 geometry problems with dense annotation in formal language. We further propose a novel geometry solving approach with formal language and symbolic reasoning, called Interpretable Geometry Problem Solver (Inter-GPS). Inter-GPS first parses the problem text and diagram into formal language automatically via rule-based text parsing and neural object detecting, respectively. Unlike implicit learning in existing methods, Inter-GPS incorporates theorem knowledge as conditional rules and performs symbolic reasoning step by step. A theorem predictor is also designed to infer the theorem application sequence fed to the symbolic solver for the more efficient and reasonable searching path. Extensive experiments on the Geometry3K and GEOS datasets demonstrate Inter-GPS achieves significant improvements over existing methods.

This paper addresses the problem of proposing a model of norms and a framework for automatically computing their violation or fulfilment. The proposed T-NORM model can be used to express abstract norms able to regulate classes of actions that should or should not be performed in a temporal interval. We show how the model can be used to formalize obligations and prohibitions and for inhibiting them by introducing permissions and exemptions. The basic building blocks for norm specification consists of rules with suitably nested components. The activation condition, the regulated actions, and the temporal constrains of norms are specified using the W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL 2). Thanks to this choice, it is possible to use OWL reasoning for computing the effects that the logical implication between actions has on norms fulfilment or violation. The operational semantics of the T-NORM model is specified by providing an unambiguous procedure for translating every norm and every exception into production rules.

According to artificial intelligence statistics, the global AI market is expected to grow to $60 billion by 2025. Global GDP will grow by $15.7 trillion by 2030 due to artificial intelligence, as it will increase business productivity by 40%. Investment in artificial intelligence has grown by 6 times since 2000. In fact, 84% of businesses think that artificial intelligence can give them a competitive advantage. If you are a fan of science fiction movies, you might have seen AI in action in its full glory. With artificial intelligence leaving impressionable marks on every facet of our personal and professional lives, it is important to understand how it works and how it will evolve in the future.

Compared with previous types of networks, 5G networks are both more in need of automation and more amenable to automation. Automation tools are still evolving and machine learning is not yet common in carrier-grade networking, but rapid change is expected. Emerging standards from 3GPP, ETSI, ITU and the open source software community anticipate increased use of automation, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). And key suppliers' activities add credibility to the vision and promise of artificially intelligent network operations. "Growing complexity and the need to solve repetitive tasks in 5G and future radio systems necessitate new automation solutions that take advantage of state-of-the-art artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques that boost system efficiency," wrote Ericsson's chief technology officer (CTO), Erik Ekudden, recently.

For all the advances in the development of artificial intelligence algorithms and models, the majority of potential applications never make it to production because of the time and expense of labeling data to train the model. That's a problem Snorkel.ai has set out to automate. "The not-so-hidden secret about AI today is that despite all the technological and tooling enhancements, but 80 to 90%, of the cost, for many use cases, just goes into manually collecting and labeling and curating this data, this training data that the model learns from," said company co-founder and CEO Alex Ratner. Ratner concedes that this is not the first field or even the first decade in which appropriately labeled data has been considered paramount. In a contributed post to TNS last year, Vikram Bahl outlined the challenges of preparing data for machine learning and AI.

Partially Observable Monte-Carlo Planning (POMCP) is a powerful online algorithm able to generate approximate policies for large Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes. The online nature of this method supports scalability by avoiding complete policy representation. The lack of an explicit representation however hinders policy interpretability and makes policy verification very complex. In this work, we propose two contributions. The first is a method for identifying unexpected actions selected by POMCP with respect to expert prior knowledge of the task. The second is a shielding approach that prevents POMCP from selecting unexpected actions. The first method is based on Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT). It inspects traces (i.e., sequences of belief-action-observation triplets) generated by POMCP to compute the parameters of logical formulas about policy properties defined by the expert. The second contribution is a module that uses online the logical formulas to identify anomalous actions selected by POMCP and substitutes those actions with actions that satisfy the logical formulas fulfilling expert knowledge. We evaluate our approach on Tiger, a standard benchmark for POMDPs, and a real-world problem related to velocity regulation in mobile robot navigation. Results show that the shielded POMCP outperforms the standard POMCP in a case study in which a wrong parameter of POMCP makes it select wrong actions from time to time. Moreover, we show that the approach keeps good performance also if the parameters of the logical formula are optimized using trajectories containing some wrong actions.