Artificial intelligence programs are extremely good at finding subtle patterns in enormous amounts of data, but don't understand the meaning of anything. Whether you are searching the Internet on Google, browsing your news feed on Facebook, or finding the quickest route on a traffic app like Waze, an algorithm is at the root of it. Algorithms have permeated our daily lives; they help to simplify, distill, process, and provide insights from massive amounts of data. According to Ernest Davis, a professor of computer science at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences whose research centers on the automation of common-sense reasoning, the technologies that currently exist for artificial intelligence (AI) programs are extremely good at finding subtle patterns in enormous amounts of data. "One way or another," he says, "that is how they work."

The task of Visual Commonsense Reasoning is extremely challenging in the sense that the model has to not only be able to answer a question given an image, but also be able to learn to reason. The baselines introduced in this task are quite limiting because two networks are trained for predicting answers and rationales separately. Question and image is used as input to train answer prediction network while question, image and correct answer are used as input in the rationale prediction network. As rationale is conditioned on the correct answer, it is based on the assumption that we can solve Visual Question Answering task without any error - which is over ambitious. Moreover, such an approach makes both answer and rationale prediction two completely independent VQA tasks rendering cognition task meaningless. In this paper, we seek to address these issues by proposing an end-to-end trainable model which considers both answers and their reasons jointly. Specifically, we first predict the answer for the question and then use the chosen answer to predict the rationale. However, a trivial design of such a model becomes non-differentiable which makes it difficult to train. We solve this issue by proposing four approaches - softmax, gumbel-softmax, reinforcement learning based sampling and direct cross entropy against all pairs of answers and rationales. We demonstrate through experiments that our model performs competitively against current state-of-the-art. We conclude with an analysis of presented approaches and discuss avenues for further work.

Automatic KB completion for commonsense knowledge graphs (e.g., ATOMIC and ConceptNet) poses unique challenges compared to the much studied conventional knowledge bases (e.g., Freebase). Commonsense knowledge graphs use free-form text to represent nodes, resulting in orders of magnitude more nodes compared to conventional KBs (18x more nodes in ATOMIC compared to Freebase (FB15K-237)). Importantly, this implies significantly sparser graph structures - a major challenge for existing KB completion methods that assume densely connected graphs over a relatively smaller set of nodes. In this paper, we present novel KB completion models that can address these challenges by exploiting the structural and semantic context of nodes. Specifically, we investigate two key ideas: (1) learning from local graph structure, using graph convolutional networks and automatic graph densification and (2) transfer learning from pre-trained language models to knowledge graphs for enhanced contextual representation of knowledge. We describe our method to incorporate information from both these sources in a joint model and provide the first empirical results for KB completion on ATOMIC and evaluation with ranking metrics on ConceptNet. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of language model representations in boosting link prediction performance and the advantages of learning from local graph structure (+1.5 points in MRR for ConceptNet) when training on subgraphs for computational efficiency. Further analysis on model predictions shines light on the types of commonsense knowledge that language models capture well.

What is meant by AI? What is the nature of intelligence? What is transhumanism and common sense reasoning? These are some of the questions which the book covers. The relationship between man and machine has fascinated people eversince the writing of Frankenstein, where we are warned about the unintended consequences of the use and development of technology. While scrutinizing AI, one profound question emerges as a natural result: what makes us truly human?

Recently, pretrained language models (e.g., BERT) have achieved great success on many downstream natural language understanding tasks and exhibit a certain level of commonsense reasoning ability. However, their performance on commonsense tasks is still far from that of humans. As a preliminary attempt, we propose a simple yet effective method to teach pretrained models with commonsense reasoning by leveraging the structured knowledge in ConceptNet, the largest commonsense knowledge base (KB). Specifically, the structured knowledge in KB allows us to construct various logical forms, and then generate multiple-choice questions requiring commonsense logical reasoning. Experimental results demonstrate that, when refined on these training examples, the pretrained models consistently improve their performance on tasks that require commonsense reasoning, especially in the few-shot learning setting. Besides, we also perform analysis to understand which logical relations are more relevant to commonsense reasoning.

An intelligent system must be capable of performing automated reasoning as well as responding to the changing environment (for example, changing knowledge). To exhibit such an intelligent behavior, a machine needs to understand its environment as well be able to interact with it to achieve certain goals. For acting rationally, a machine must be able to obtain information and understand it. Knowledge Representation (KR) is an important step of automated reasoning, where the knowledge about the world is represented in a way such that a machine can understand and process. Also, it must be able to accommodate the changes about the world (i.e., the new or updated knowledge). Using the generated knowledge base about the world, an intelligent system should be able to do complex tasks like question-answering (QA), summarization, medical reasoning and many more.

Event Representation Learning Enhanced with External Commonsense Knowledge Xiao Ding, Kuo Liao, Ting Liu, Zhongyang Li, Junwen Duan Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval Harbin Institute of Technology, China {xding, kliao, tliu, zyli, jwduan }@ir.hit.edu.cn Abstract Prior work has proposed effective methods to learn event representations that can capture syntactic and semantic information over text corpus, demonstrating their effectiveness for downstream tasks such as script event prediction. On the other hand, events extracted from raw texts lacks of commonsense knowledge, such as the intents and emotions of the event participants, which are useful for distinguishing event pairs when there are only subtle differences in their surface realizations. To address this issue, this paper proposes to leverage external commonsense knowledge about the intent and sentiment of the event. Experiments on three event-related tasks, i.e., event similarity, script event prediction and stock market prediction, show that our model obtains much better event embeddings for the tasks, achieving 78% improvements on hard similarity task, yielding more precise inferences on subsequent events under given contexts, and better accuracies in predicting the volatilities of the stock market 1 . 1 Introduction Events are a kind of important objective information of the world. Structuralizing and representing such information as machine-readable knowledge are crucial to artificial intelligence (Li et al., 2018b, 2019). The main idea is to learn distributed representations for structured events (i.e. Figure 1: Intent and sentiment enhanced event embed-dings can distinguish distinct events even with high lexical overlap, and find similar events even with low lexical overlap. The function maps the summed vectors into an event embedding space.

We describe a detailed analysis of a sample of large benchmark of commonsense reasoning problems that has been automatically obtained from WordNet, SUMO and their mapping. The objective is to provide a better assessment of the quality of both the benchmark and the involved knowledge resources for advanced commonsense reasoning tasks. By means of this analysis, we are able to detect some knowledge misalignments, mapping errors and lack of knowledge and resources. Our final objective is the extraction of some guidelines towards a better exploitation of this commonsense knowledge framework by the improvement of the included resources.

Understanding narratives requires reading between the lines, which in turn, requires interpreting the likely causes and effects of events, even when they are not mentioned explicitly. In this paper, we introduce Cosmos QA, a large-scale dataset of 35,600 problems that require commonsense-based reading comprehension, formulated as multiple-choice questions. In stark contrast to most existing reading comprehension datasets where the questions focus on factual and literal understanding of the context paragraph, our dataset focuses on reading between the lines over a diverse collection of people's everyday narratives, asking such questions as "what might be the possible reason of ...?", or "what would have happened if ..." that require reasoning beyond the exact text spans in the context. To establish baseline performances on Cosmos QA, we experiment with several state-of-the-art neural architectures for reading comprehension, and also propose a new architecture that improves over the competitive baselines. Experimental results demonstrate a significant gap between machine (68.4%) and human performance (94%), pointing to avenues for future research on commonsense machine comprehension. Dataset, code and leaderboard is publicly available at https://wilburone.github.io/cosmos.