This paper introduces a novel method for open-vocabulary 3D scene understanding in autonomous driving by combining Language Embedded 3D Gaussians with Large Language Models (LLMs) for enhanced inference. We propose utilizing LLMs to generate contextually relevant canonical phrases for segmentation and scene interpretation. Our method leverages the contextual and semantic capabilities of LLMs to produce a set of canonical phrases, which are then compared with the language features embedded in the 3D Gaussians. This LLM-guided approach significantly improves zero-shot scene understanding and detection of objects of interest, even in the most challenging or unfamiliar environments. Experimental results on the WayveScenes101 dataset demonstrate that our approach surpasses state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and flexibility for open-vocabulary object detection and segmentation. This work represents a significant advancement towards more intelligent, context-aware autonomous driving systems, effectively bridging 3D scene representation with high-level semantic understanding.

There is a growing line of research on verifying the correctness of language models' outputs. At the same time, LMs are being used to tackle complex queries that require reasoning. We introduce CoverBench, a challenging benchmark focused on verifying LM outputs in complex reasoning settings. Datasets that can be used for this purpose are often designed for other complex reasoning tasks (e.g., QA) targeting specific use-cases (e.g., financial tables), requiring transformations, negative sampling and selection of hard examples to collect such a benchmark. CoverBench provides a diversified evaluation for complex claim verification in a variety of domains, types of reasoning, relatively long inputs, and a variety of standardizations, such as multiple representations for tables where available, and a consistent schema. We manually vet the data for quality to ensure low levels of label noise. Finally, we report a variety of competitive baseline results to show CoverBench is challenging and has very significant headroom. The data is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/google/coverbench .

Empathetic response generation, aiming at understanding the user's situation and feelings and respond empathically, is crucial in building human-like dialogue systems. Previous methods mainly focus on using maximum likelihood estimation as the optimization objective for training response generation models, without taking into account the empathy level alignment between generated responses and target responses. To this end, we propose an empathetic response generation using reinforcement learning (EmpRL) framework. The framework designs an effective empathy reward function and generates empathetic responses by maximizing the expected reward through reinforcement learning. Given the powerful text generation capability of pre-trained language models, EmpRL utilizes the pre-trained T5 model as the generator and conducts further training to initialize the policy. To align the empathy level between generated responses and target responses in the context, an empathy reward function containing three empathy communication mechanisms, i.e., emotional reaction, interpretation, and exploration, is constructed using pre-designed and pre-trained empathy identifiers. Finally, the proximal policy optimization algorithm is used to further train the policy to produce empathetic responses. Both automatic and manual evaluations demonstrate that the proposed EmpRL framework can improve the quality of generated responses, enhance the empathy level similarity between generated and target responses, and produce empathetic responses covering both affective and cognitive aspects.

Code comments provide important information for understanding the source code. They can help developers understand the overall purpose of a function or class, as well as identify bugs and technical debt. However, an overabundance of comments is meaningless and counterproductive. As a result, it is critical to automatically filter out these comments for specific purposes. In this paper, we present Dopamin, a Transformer-based tool for dealing with this issue. Our model excels not only in presenting knowledge sharing of common categories across multiple languages, but also in achieving robust performance in comment classification by improving comment representation. As a result, it outperforms the STACC baseline by 3% on the NLBSE'24 Tool Competition dataset in terms of average F1-score, while maintaining a comparable inference time for practical use. The source code is publicity available at https://github.com/FSoft-AI4Code/Dopamin.

This paper presents a compute-efficient approach to pre-training a Language Model - the "1.5-Pints" - in only 9 days, while outperforming state-of-the-art models as an instruction-following assistant. Based on MT-Bench (a benchmark that emulates human judgments), 1.5-Pints outperforms Apple's OpenELM and Microsoft's Phi. This is achieved by a carefully curated pre-training dataset of 57 billion tokens, using a mix of automated workflows and manual human review. The selection of the dataset prioritizes content that is considered expository and "textbook-like" to aid the model in reasoning and logical deduction, culminating in its overall ability as a strong and versatile AI model. In terms of the model architecture, we employed a modified Mistral tokenizer, alongside a Llama-2 architecture for wider compatibility. For training, we adopted the methodologies used by StableLM, TinyLlama, and Huggingface Zephyr.

Large language models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable capabilities, spanning a wide range of tasks and applications, including those in the medical domain. Models like GPT-4 excel in medical question answering but may face challenges in the lack of interpretability when handling complex tasks in real clinical settings. We thus introduce the diagnostic reasoning dataset for clinical notes (DiReCT), aiming at evaluating the reasoning ability and interpretability of LLMs compared to human doctors. It contains 511 clinical notes, each meticulously annotated by physicians, detailing the diagnostic reasoning process from observations in a clinical note to the final diagnosis. Additionally, a diagnostic knowledge graph is provided to offer essential knowledge for reasoning, which may not be covered in the training data of existing LLMs. Evaluations of leading LLMs on DiReCT bring out a significant gap between their reasoning ability and that of human doctors, highlighting the critical need for models that can reason effectively in real-world clinical scenarios.

Large language models (LLM)'s are increasingly used for topic modeling outperforming classical topic models such as LDA. Commonly, pre-trained LLM encoders such as BERT are used out-of-the-box despite the fact that fine-tuning is known to improve LLMs considerably. The challenge lies in obtaining a suitable (labeled) dataset for fine-tuning. In this paper, we use the recent idea to use bag of sentences as the elementary unit in computing topics. In turn, we derive an approach FT-Topic to perform unsupervised fine-tuning relying primarily on two steps for constructing a training dataset in an automatic fashion. First, a heuristic method to identifies pairs of sentence groups that are either assumed to be of the same or different topics. Second, we remove sentence pairs that are likely labeled incorrectly. The dataset is then used to fine-tune an encoder LLM, which can be leveraged by any topic modeling approach using embeddings. However, in this work, we demonstrate its effectiveness by deriving a novel state-of-the-art topic modeling method called SenClu, which achieves fast inference through an expectation-maximization algorithm and hard assignments of sentence groups to a single topic, while giving users the possibility to encode prior knowledge on the topic-document distribution. Code is at \url{https://github.com/JohnTailor/FT-Topic}

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various tasks but are primarily trained on text data, limiting their application scope. Expanding LLM capabilities to include vision-language understanding is vital, yet training them on multimodal data from scratch is challenging and costly. Existing instruction tuning methods, e.g., LLAVA, often connects a pretrained CLIP vision encoder and LLMs via fully fine-tuning LLMs to bridge the modality gap. However, full fine-tuning is plagued by catastrophic forgetting, i.e., forgetting previous knowledge, and high training costs particularly in the era of increasing tasks and modalities. To solve this issue, we introduce MoExtend, an effective framework designed to streamline the modality adaptation and extension of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models. MoExtend seamlessly integrates new experts into pre-trained MoE models, endowing them with novel knowledge without the need to tune pretrained models such as MoE and vision encoders. This approach enables rapid adaptation and extension to new modal data or tasks, effectively addressing the challenge of accommodating new modalities within LLMs. Furthermore, MoExtend avoids tuning pretrained models, thus mitigating the risk of catastrophic forgetting. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of MoExtend in enhancing the multimodal capabilities of LLMs, contributing to advancements in multimodal AI research. Code: https://github.com/zhongshsh/MoExtend.

Large language models are ubiquitous in natural language processing because they can adapt to new tasks without retraining. However, their sheer scale and complexity present unique challenges and opportunities, prompting researchers and practitioners to explore novel model training, optimization, and deployment methods. This literature review focuses on various techniques for reducing resource requirements and compressing large language models, including quantization, pruning, knowledge distillation, and architectural optimizations. The primary objective is to explore each method in-depth and highlight its unique challenges and practical applications. The discussed methods are categorized into a taxonomy that presents an overview of the optimization landscape and helps navigate it to understand the research trajectory better.

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are an extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that facilitate processing both image and text inputs, expanding AI capabilities. However, LVLMs struggle with object hallucinations due to their reliance on text cues and learned object co-occurrence biases. While most research quantifies these hallucinations, mitigation strategies are still lacking. Our study introduces a Language Contrastive Decoding (LCD) algorithm that adjusts LVLM outputs based on LLM distribution confidence levels, effectively reducing object hallucinations. We demonstrate the advantages of LCD in leading LVLMs, showing up to %4 improvement in POPE F1 scores and up to %36 reduction in CHAIR scores on the COCO validation set, while also improving captioning quality scores. Our method effectively improves LVLMs without needing complex post-processing or retraining, and is easily applicable to different models. Our findings highlight the potential of further exploration of LVLM-specific decoding algorithms.