Figure 1: Dependency trees hypothesized in linguistics and in neural networks.

Intrigued by the claims of emergent reasoning capabilities in LLMs trained on general web corpora, in this paper, we set out to investigate their planning capabilities.

However, in certain specialized domains, such as healthcare or harmless content generation, it is nearly impossible to obtain a large volume of high-quality data that matches the downstream distribution.

The post-chatbot era has begun. Americans are living in parallel AI universes. For much of the country, AI has come to mean ChatGPT, Google's AI overviews, and the slop that now clogs social-media feeds. Meanwhile, tech hobbyists are becoming radicalized by bots that can work for hours on end, collapsing months of work into weeks, or weeks into an afternoon. Recently, more people have started to play around with tools such as Claude Code .

Fine-tuning services for Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a new paradigm.