Genetics: DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helix that carries genetic info of development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all organisms and viruses too! Each and Every infant inherits genes from their biological parents. And the study of these genes is Genetics. Most of us have two copies of the genome (contains genes as well as Noncoding DNA, the study of this is genomics) with 6Billion pairs of DNA! In order to reach our desired requirements, we must have an approach or methods to achieve it. Machine Learning essentially has three such methods in order to tackle the maximum number of our requirements.

Federated Semi-Supervised Learning (FedSSL) has gained rising attention from both academic and industrial researchers, due to its unique characteristics of co-training machine learning models with isolated yet unlabeled data. Most existing FedSSL methods focus on the classical scenario, i.e, the labeled and unlabeled data are stored at the client side. However, in real world applications, client users may not provide labels without any incentive. Thus, the scenario of labels at the server side is more practical. Since unlabeled data and labeled data are decoupled, most existing FedSSL approaches may fail to deal with such a scenario. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we propose FedCon, which introduces a new learning paradigm, i.e., contractive learning, to FedSSL.

The clustering-based unsupervised relation discovery method has gradually become one of the important methods of open relation extraction (OpenRE). However, high-dimensional vectors can encode complex linguistic information which leads to the problem that the derived clusters cannot explicitly align with the relational semantic classes. In this work, we propose a relation-oriented clustering model and use it to identify the novel relations in the unlabeled data. Specifically, to enable the model to learn to cluster relational data, our method leverages the readily available labeled data of pre-defined relations to learn a relation-oriented representation. We minimize distance between the instance with same relation by gathering the instances towards their corresponding relation centroids to form a cluster structure, so that the learned representation is cluster-friendly. To reduce the clustering bias on predefined classes, we optimize the model by minimizing a joint objective on both labeled and unlabeled data. Experimental results show that our method reduces the error rate by 29.2% and 15.7%, on two datasets respectively, compared with current SOTA methods.

After covering basic GANs (with a sample model) in my last post, taking a step further, we will explore an advanced GAN version i.e CycleGAN having some fascinating application in the field of image translation So, the idea is if we have an image of a house in the Summer season, it should get translated into an image depicting the winter season keeping the house as it is. How can this be done? But if you ponder for a minute, preparing such a training dataset is a monumental task. For example: for the Summer to Winter translation of the same location, you may need to wait for a year to get pictures. In other cases, the Y just doesn't exist.

Text classification tasks have improved substantially during the last years by the usage of transformers. However, the majority of researches focus on prose texts, with poetry receiving less attention, specially for Spanish language. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised learning approach for inferring 21 psychological categories evoked by a corpus of 4572 sonnets, along with 10 affective and lexico-semantic multiclass ones. The subset of poems used for training an evaluation includes 270 sonnets. With our approach, we achieve an AUC beyond 0.7 for 76% of the psychological categories, and an AUC over 0.65 for 60% on the multiclass ones. The sonnets are modelled using transformers, through sentence embeddings, along with lexico-semantic and affective features, obtained by using external lexicons. Consequently, we see that this approach provides an AUC increase of up to 0.12, as opposed to using transformers alone.

Real world learning scenarios involve a nonstationary distribution of classes with sequential dependencies among the samples, in contrast to the standard machine learning formulation of drawing samples independently from a fixed, typically uniform distribution. Furthermore, real world interactions demand learning on-the-fly from few or no class labels. In this work, we propose an unsupervised model that simultaneously performs online visual representation learning and few-shot learning of new categories without relying on any class labels. Our model is a prototype-based memory network with a control component that determines when to form a new class prototype. We formulate it as an online Gaussian mixture model, where components are created online with only a single new example, and assignments do not have to be balanced, which permits an approximation to natural imbalanced distributions from uncurated raw data. Learning includes a contrastive loss that encourages different views of the same image to be assigned to the same prototype. The result is a mechanism that forms categorical representations of objects in nonstationary environments. Experiments show that our method can learn from an online stream of visual input data and is significantly better at category recognition compared to state-of-the-art self-supervised learning methods.

We study the few-shot learning (FSL) problem, where a model learns to recognize new objects with extremely few labeled training data per category. Most of previous FSL approaches resort to the meta-learning paradigm, where the model accumulates inductive bias through learning many training tasks so as to solve a new unseen few-shot task. In contrast, we propose a simple approach to exploit unlabeled data accompanying the few-shot task for improving few-shot performance. Firstly, we propose a Dependency Maximization method based on the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of the cross-covariance operator, which maximizes the statistical dependency between the embedded feature of those unlabeled data and their label predictions, together with the supervised loss over the support set. We then use the obtained model to infer the pseudo-labels for those unlabeled data. Furthermore, we propose anInstance Discriminant Analysis to evaluate the credibility of each pseudo-labeled example and select the most faithful ones into an augmented support set to retrain the model as in the first step. We iterate the above process until the pseudo-labels for the unlabeled data becomes stable. Following the standard transductive and semi-supervised FSL setting, our experiments show that the proposed method out-performs previous state-of-the-art methods on four widely used benchmarks, including mini-ImageNet, tiered-ImageNet, CUB, and CIFARFS.

By performing this pretext task of predicting X2 from X1, we hope to achieve a representation F(X1) which contains high-level abstractions or semantics. By concatenating the representations layer-wise, Fl {Fl1, Fl2}, a representation F is achieved which is pretrained on full input tensor X. If F is a CNN of a desired fixed size, e.g., AlexNet, we can design the subnetworks F1, F2 by splitting each layer of the network F in half, along the channel dimension. However, it is found that the proposed Split-Brain Auto (Section 1.2) outperforms the above two alternatives (Section 1.3).

Cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN) have shown their promising performance for speech enhancement (SE), while one intractable shortcoming of these CycleGAN-based SE systems is that the noise components propagate throughout the cycle and cannot be completely eliminated. Additionally, conventional CycleGAN-based SE systems only estimate the spectral magnitude, while the phase is unaltered. Motivated by the multi-stage learning concept, we propose a novel two-stage denoising system that combines a CycleGAN-based magnitude enhancing network and a subsequent complex spectral refining network in this paper. Specifically, in the first stage, a CycleGAN-based model is responsible for only estimating magnitude, which is subsequently coupled with the original noisy phase to obtain a coarsely enhanced complex spectrum. After that, the second stage is applied to further suppress the residual noise components and estimate the clean phase by a complex spectral mapping network, which is a pure complex-valued network composed of complex 2D convolution/deconvolution and complex temporal-frequency attention blocks. Experimental results on two public datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach consistently surpasses previous one-stage CycleGANs and other state-of-the-art SE systems in terms of various evaluation metrics, especially in background noise suppression.

In this article, I'll explain supervised vs unsupervised learning. The tutorial will start by discussing some foundational concepts and then it will explain supervised and unsupervised learning separately, in more detail. If you need something specific, just click on the link. The following links will take you to specific sections of the article. Having said that, if you're confused about supervised vs unsupervised learning, you'll probably want to read the whole article from start to finish. If you're somewhat new to machine learning, you've probably heard the terms "supervised" and "unsupervised" learning.