If you are still having any trouble understanding the process, it may help to think of all our workers as individuals working on the same puzzle problem. At the end of the epoch, they all hand their findings back to the master node, which combines the partial solutions each one has submitted. Then everyone gets a copy of this combined solution, which is still not complete, and they start working on it again for another epoch. The difference is that now they have a head start thanks to everyone's combined work.

It has been established that Speech Affect Recognition for low resource languages is a difficult task. Here we present a Transfer learning based Speech Affect Recognition approach in which: we pre-train a model for high resource language affect recognition task and fine tune the parameters for low resource language using Deep Residual Network. Here we use standard four data sets to demonstrate that transfer learning can solve the problem of data scarcity for Affect Recognition task. We demonstrate that our approach is efficient by achieving 74.7 percent UAR on RAVDESS as source and Urdu data set as a target. Through an ablation study, we have identified that pre-trained model adds most of the features information, improvement in results and solves less data issues. Using this knowledge, we have also experimented on SAVEE and EMO-DB data set by setting Urdu as target language where only 400 utterances of data is available. This approach achieves high Unweighted Average Recall (UAR) when compared with existing algorithms.

Advanced machines never fail to leave men in awe. But only researchers who worked behind the machines know how much time, cost and data it took to become a stage stealer. Training an algorithm that employs various features in a machine is quite nerve-wracking. But tech geeks have found a solution using transfer learning. Besides, companies are also unveiling a mixture of technologies like deep learning neural networks and machine learning to come up with futuristic machines.

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Prior work demonstrated the ability of machine learning to automatically recognize surgical workflow steps from videos. However, these studies focused on only a single type of procedure. In this work, we analyze, for the first time, surgical step recognition on four different laparoscopic surgeries: Cholecystectomy, Right Hemicolectomy, Sleeve Gastrectomy, and Appendectomy. Inspired by the traditional apprenticeship model, in which surgical training is based on the Halstedian method, we paraphrase the "see one, do one, teach one" approach for the surgical intelligence domain as "train one, classify one, teach one". In machine learning, this approach is often referred to as transfer learning. To analyze the impact of transfer learning across different laparoscopic procedures, we explore various time-series architectures and examine their performance on each target domain. We introduce a new architecture, the Time-Series Adaptation Network (TSAN), an architecture optimized for transfer learning of surgical step recognition, and we show how TSAN can be pre-trained using self-supervised learning on a Sequence Sorting task. Such pre-training enables TSAN to learn workflow steps of a new laparoscopic procedure type from only a small number of labeled samples from the target procedure. Our proposed architecture leads to better performance compared to other possible architectures, reaching over 90% accuracy when transferring from laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to the other three procedure types.

This paper studies task adaptive pre-trained model selection, an \emph{underexplored} problem of assessing pre-trained models so that models suitable for the task can be selected from the model zoo without fine-tuning. A pilot work~\cite{nguyen_leep:_2020} addressed the problem in transferring supervised pre-trained models to classification tasks, but it cannot handle emerging unsupervised pre-trained models or regression tasks. In pursuit of a practical assessment method, we propose to estimate the maximum evidence (marginalized likelihood) of labels given features extracted by pre-trained models. The maximum evidence is \emph{less prone to over-fitting} than the likelihood, and its \emph{expensive computation can be dramatically reduced} by our carefully designed algorithm. The Logarithm of Maximum Evidence (LogME) can be used to assess pre-trained models for transfer learning: a pre-trained model with high LogME is likely to have good transfer performance. LogME is fast, accurate, and general, characterizing it as \emph{the first practical assessment method for transfer learning}. Compared to brute-force fine-tuning, LogME brings over $3000\times$ speedup in wall-clock time. It outperforms prior methods by a large margin in their setting and is applicable to new settings that prior methods cannot deal with. It is general enough to diverse pre-trained models (supervised pre-trained and unsupervised pre-trained), downstream tasks (classification and regression), and modalities (vision and language). Code is at \url{https://github.com/thuml/LogME}.

To support N-1 pre-fault transient stability assessment, this paper introduces a new data collection method in a data-driven algorithm incorporating the knowledge of power system dynamics. The domain knowledge on how the disturbance effect will propagate from the fault location to the rest of the network is leveraged to recognise the dominant conditions that determine the stability of a system. Accordingly, we introduce a new concept called Fault-Affected Area, which provides crucial information regarding the unstable region of operation. This information is embedded in an augmented dataset to train an ensemble model using an instance transfer learning framework. The test results on the IEEE 39-bus system verify that this model can accurately predict the stability of previously unseen operational scenarios while reducing the risk of false prediction of unstable instances compared to standard approaches.

In open-ended continuous environments, robots need to learn multiple parameterised control tasks in hierarchical reinforcement learning. We hypothesise that the most complex tasks can be learned more easily by transferring knowledge from simpler tasks, and faster by adapting the complexity of the actions to the task. We propose a task-oriented representation of complex actions, called procedures, to learn online task relationships and unbounded sequences of action primitives to control the different observables of the environment. Combining both goal-babbling with imitation learning, and active learning with transfer of knowledge based on intrinsic motivation, our algorithm self-organises its learning process. It chooses at any given time a task to focus on; and what, how, when and from whom to transfer knowledge. We show with a simulation and a real industrial robot arm, in cross-task and cross-learner transfer settings, that task composition is key to tackle highly complex tasks. Task decomposition is also efficiently transferred across different embodied learners and by active imitation, where the robot requests just a small amount of demonstrations and the adequate type of information. The robot learns and exploits task dependencies so as to learn tasks of every complexity.

Transfer learning, also referred as knowledge transfer, aims at reusing knowledge from a source dataset to a similar target one. While many empirical studies illustrate the benefits of transfer learning, few theoretical results are established especially for regression problems. In this paper a theoretical framework for the problem of parameter transfer for the linear model is proposed. It is shown that the quality of transfer for a new input vector $x$ depends on its representation in an eigenbasis involving the parameters of the problem. Furthermore a statistical test is constructed to predict whether a fine-tuned model has a lower prediction quadratic risk than the base target model for an unobserved sample. Efficiency of the test is illustrated on synthetic data as well as real electricity consumption data.

COVID-19 classification using chest Computed Tomography (CT) has been found pragmatically useful by several studies. Due to the lack of annotated samples, these studies recommend transfer learning and explore the choices of pre-trained models and data augmentation. However, it is still unknown if there are better strategies than vanilla transfer learning for more accurate COVID-19 classification with limited CT data. This paper provides an affirmative answer, devising a novel `model' augmentation technique that allows a considerable performance boost to transfer learning for the task. Our method systematically reduces the distributional shift between the source and target domains and considers augmenting deep learning with complementary representation learning techniques. We establish the efficacy of our method with publicly available datasets and models, along with identifying contrasting observations in the previous studies.