Moog Inc. has automated the evaluation of copper (Cu) alloy grain size using a deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN). The proof-of-concept automated image acquisition and batch-wise image processing offers the potential for significantly reduced labor, improved accuracy of grain evaluation, and decreased overall turnaround times for approving Cu alloy bar stock for use in flight critical aircraft hardware. A classification accuracy of 91.1% on individual sub-images of the Cu alloy coupons was achieved. Process development included minimizing the variation in acquired image color, brightness, and resolution to create a dataset with 12300 sub-images, and then optimizing the CNN hyperparameters on this dataset using statistical design of experiments (DoE). Over the development of the automated Cu alloy grain size evaluation, a degree of "explainability" in the artificial intelligence (XAI) output was realized, based on the decomposition of the large raw images into many smaller dataset sub-images, through the ability to explain the CNN ensemble image output via inspection of the classification results from the individual smaller sub-images.

Personal photos of individuals when shared online, apart from exhibiting a myriad of memorable details, also reveals a wide range of private information and potentially entails privacy risks (e.g., online harassment, tracking). To mitigate such risks, it is crucial to study techniques that allow individuals to limit the private information leaked in visual data. We tackle this problem in a novel image obfuscation framework: to maximize entropy on inferences over targeted privacy attributes, while retaining image fidelity. We approach the problem based on an encoder-decoder style architecture, with two key novelties: (a) introducing a discriminator to perform bi-directional translation simultaneously from multiple unpaired domains; (b) predicting an image interpolation which maximizes uncertainty over a target set of attributes. We find our approach generates obfuscated images faithful to the original input images, and additionally increase uncertainty by 6.2$\times$ (or up to 0.85 bits) over the non-obfuscated counterparts.

A branch of artificial intelligence called machine learning is all around us. It's employed by Facebook to help curate content (and target us with ads), Google uses it to filter millions of spam messages each day, and it's part of what enabled the OpenAI bot to beat the reigning Dota 2 champions last year in two out of three matches. There are seemingly endless uses. Adding one more to the pile, Microsoft and Intel have come up with a clever machine learning framework that is surprisingly accurate at detecting malware through a grayscale image conversion process. Microsoft detailed the technology in a blog post (via ZDNet), which it calls static malware-as-image network analysis, or STAMINA.

Adversarial examples are data points misclassified by neural networks. Originally, adversarial examples were limited to adding small perturbations to a given image. Recent work introduced the generalized concept of unrestricted adversarial examples, without limits on the added perturbations. In this paper, we introduce a new category of attacks that create unrestricted adversarial examples for object detection. Our key idea is to generate adversarial objects that are unrelated to the classes identified by the target object detector. Different from previous attacks, we use off-the-shelf Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), without requiring any further training or modification. Our method consists of searching over the latent normal space of the GAN for adversarial objects that are wrongly identified by the target object detector. We evaluate this method on the commonly used Faster R-CNN ResNet-101, Inception v2 and SSD Mobilenet v1 object detectors using logo generative iWGAN-LC and SNGAN trained on CIFAR-10. The empirical results show that the generated adversarial objects are indistinguishable from non-adversarial objects generated by the GANs, transferable between the object detectors and robust in the physical world. This is the first work to study unrestricted false positive adversarial examples for object detection.

Prediction based on multiple high-dimensional data types needs to account for the potentially strong differences in predictive signal. Ridge regression is a simple, yet versatile and interpretable model for high-dimensional data that has challenged the predictive performance of many more complex models and learners, in particular in dense settings. Moreover, it allows using a specific penalty per data type to account for differences between those. Then, the largest challenge for multi-penalty ridge is to optimize these penalties efficiently in a cross-validation (CV) setting, in particular for GLM and Cox ridge regression, which require an additional loop for fitting the model by iterative weighted least squares (IWLS). Our main contribution is a computationally very efficient formula for the multi-penalty, sample-weighted hat-matrix, as used in the IWLS algorithm. As a result, nearly all computations are in the low-dimensional sample space. We show that our approach is several orders of magnitude faster than more naive ones. We developed a very flexible framework that includes prediction of several types of response, allows for unpenalized covariates, can optimize several performance criteria and implements repeated CV. Moreover, extensions to pair data types and to allow a preferential order of data types are included and illustrated on several cancer genomics survival prediction problems. The corresponding R-package, multiridge, serves as a versatile standalone tool, but also as a fast benchmark for other more complex models and multi-view learners.

However, we know there's still a lot to do – this work does not yet represent a product that could be implemented in routine clinical practice. While our model can make better predictions than clinical experts, there are many other factors to consider for such systems to be impactful in a clinical setting. While the model was trained and evaluated on a population representative of the largest eye hospital in Europe, additional work would be needed to evaluate performance in the context of very different demographics. A recent study examining the use of a different AI system in a clinical setting highlighted just some of the sociotechnical issues for such systems in practice. Another difficult point to contend with is that any prediction system will have a certain rate of false positives: that is, when a patient is found to have a condition, or predicted to develop one, that they don't actually have.

This work considers methods for imposing sparsity in Bayesian regression with applications in nonlinear system identification. We first review automatic relevance determination (ARD) and analytically demonstrate the need to additional regularization or thresholding to achieve sparse models. We then discuss two classes of methods, regularization based and thresholding based, which build on ARD to learn parsimonious solutions to linear problems. In the case of orthogonal covariates, we analytically demonstrate favorable performance with regards to learning a small set of active terms in a linear system with a sparse solution. Several example problems are presented to compare the set of proposed methods in terms of advantages and limitations to ARD in bases with hundreds of elements. The aim of this paper is to analyze and understand the assumptions that lead to several algorithms and to provide theoretical and empirical results so that the reader may gain insight and make more informed choices regarding sparse Bayesian regression.

Recent studies have adopted an approach of selecting accurate and diverse trees based on individual or collective performance within an ensemble for classification and regression problems. This work follows in the wake of these investigations and considers the possibility of growing a forest of optimal survival trees. Initially, a large set of survival trees are grown using the method of random survival forest. The grown trees are then ranked from smallest to highest value of their prediction error using out-of-bag observations for each respective survival tree. The top ranked survival trees are then assessed for their collective performance as an ensemble. This ensemble is initiated with the survival tree which stands first in rank, then further trees are tested one by one by adding them to the ensemble in order of rank. A survival tree is selected for the resultant ensemble if the performance improves after an assessment using independent training data. This ensemble is called an optimal trees ensemble (OSTE). The proposed method is assessed using 17 benchmark datasets and the results are compared with those of random survival forest, conditional inference forest, bagging and a non tree based method, the Cox proportional hazard model. In addition to improve predictive performance, the proposed method reduces the number of survival trees in the ensemble as compared to the other tree based methods. The method is implemented in an R package called "OSTE".

Machine learning (ML) is the field of training machines to achieve high level of cognition and perform human-like analysis. Since ML is a data-driven approach, it seemingly fits into our daily lives and operations as well as complex and interdisciplinary fields. With the rise of commercial, open-source and user-catered ML tools, a key question often arises whenever ML is applied to explore a phenomenon or a scenario: what constitutes a good ML model? Keeping in mind that a proper answer to this question depends on a variety of factors, this work presumes that a good ML model is one that optimally performs and best describes the phenomenon on hand. From this perspective, identifying proper assessment metrics to evaluate performance of ML models is not only necessary but is also warranted. As such, this paper examines a number of the most commonly-used performance fitness and error metrics for regression and classification algorithms, with emphasis on engineering applications.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to expand the role of chest imaging in COVID-19 beyond diagnosis to enable risk stratification, treatment monitoring, and discovery of novel therapeutic targets. AI's power to generate models from large volumes of information – fusing molecular, clinical, epidemiological, and imaging data – may accelerate solutions to detect, contain, and treat COVID-19. Two healthcare workers fell ill in Wuhan, China, where the first Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) case was reported. Both were 29 years old and were hospitalized after contracting the virus. One survived, the other died. In a global pandemic that has suddenly pushed doctors, scientists, and healthcare workers to the frontlines, why some patients are falling critically ill while others have minimal or no symptoms is one of the most mysterious aspects of the disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).