Fairness concerns about algorithmic decision-making systems have been mainly focused on the outputs (e.g., the accuracy of a classifier across individuals or groups). However, one may additionally be concerned with fairness in the inputs. In this paper, we propose and formulate two properties regarding the inputs of (features used by) a classifier. In particular, we claim that fair privacy (whether individuals are all asked to reveal the same information) and need-to-know (whether users are only asked for the minimal information required for the task at hand) are desirable properties of a decision system. We explore the interaction between these properties and fairness in the outputs (fair prediction accuracy). We show that for an optimal classifier these three properties are in general incompatible, and we explain what common properties of data make them incompatible. Finally we provide an algorithm to verify if the trade-off between the three properties exists in a given dataset, and use the algorithm to show that this trade-off is common in real data.

In January, a Swedish entrepreneur named Joakim Hultin co-founded Sidehide, a new digital app intended to streamline hotel reservations. Weeks later, some of the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in Europe. Almost instantly, Hultin told me, "demand stopped." Before the pandemic, Sidehide was working with a London-based company called Onfido, which uses artificial intelligence and facial recognition to verify identities. Hultin learned that Onfido had created a way for users to upload a serology test to a private server and use facial biometric data to unlock the data and display the results.

Cloud computing has become a powerful and indispensable technology for complex, high performance and scalable computation. The exponential expansion in the deployment of cloud technology has produced a massive amount of data from a variety of applications, resources and platforms. In turn, the rapid rate and volume of data creation has begun to pose significant challenges for data management and security. The design and deployment of intrusion detection systems (IDS) in the big data setting has, therefore, become a topic of importance. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of data mining techniques (DMT) used in IDS-based solutions through the period 2013-2018. We employed criterion-based, purposive sampling identifying 32 articles, which constitute the primary source of the present survey. After a careful investigation of these articles, we identified 17 separate DMTs deployed in an IDS context. This paper also presents the merits and disadvantages of the various works of current research that implemented DMTs and distributed streaming frameworks (DSF) to detect and/or prevent malicious attacks in a big data environment.

This technical article will teach you how to pre-process data, create your own neural networks, and train and evaluate models using the US-CERT's simulated insider threat dataset. The methods and solutions are designed for non-domain experts; particularly cyber security professionals. We will start our journey with the raw data provided by the dataset and provide examples of different pre-processing methods to get it "ready" for the AI solution to ingest. We will ultimately create models that can be re-used for additional predictions based on security events. Throughout the article, I will also point out the applicability and return on investment depending on your existing Information Security program in the enterprise. Note: To use and replicate the pre-processed data and steps we use, prepare to spend 1–2 hours on this page. Stay with me and try not to fall asleep during the data pre-processing portion. What many tutorials don't state is that if you're starting from scratch; data pre-processing takes up to 90% of your time when doing projects like these. The author provides these methods, insights, and recommendations *as is* and makes no claim of warranty.

We consider the problem of jointly estimating multiple related zero-mean Gaussian distributions from data. We propose to jointly estimate these covariance matrices using Laplacian regularized stratified model fitting, which includes loss and regularization terms for each covariance matrix, and also a term that encourages the different covariances matrices to be close. This method `borrows strength' from the neighboring covariances, to improve its estimate. With well chosen hyper-parameters, such models can perform very well, especially in the low data regime. We propose a distributed method that scales to large problems, and illustrate the efficacy of the method with examples in finance, radar signal processing, and weather forecasting.

In this paper, we propose a novel weighted combination feature selection method using bootstrap and fuzzy sets. The proposed method mainly consists of three processes, including fuzzy sets generation using bootstrap, weighted combination of fuzzy sets and feature ranking based on defuzzification. We implemented the proposed method by combining four state-of-the-art feature selection methods and evaluated the performance based on three publicly available biomedical datasets using five-fold cross validation. Based on the feature selection results, our proposed method produced comparable (if not better) classification accuracies to the best of the individual feature selection methods for all evaluated datasets. More importantly, we also applied standard deviation and Pearson's correlation to measure the stability of the methods. Remarkably, our combination method achieved significantly higher stability than the four individual methods when variations and size reductions were introduced to the datasets.

We use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze authorship questions surrounding the works of Leonardo da Vinci -- in particular, Salvator Mundi, the world's most expensive painting and among the most controversial. Trained on the works of an artist under study and visually comparable works of other artists, our system can identify likely forgeries and shed light on attribution controversies. Leonardo's few extant paintings test the limits of our system and require corroborative techniques of testing and analysis.

There have been more than 850,000 confirmed cases and over 48,000 deaths from the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), in the United States alone. However, there are currently no proven effective medications against COVID-19. Drug repurposing offers a promising way for the development of prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19. This study reports an integrative, network-based deep learning methodology to identify repurposable drugs for COVID-19 (termed CoV-KGE). Specifically, we built a comprehensive knowledge graph that includes 15 million edges across 39 types of relationships connecting drugs, diseases, genes, pathways, and expressions, from a large scientific corpus of 24 million PubMed publications. Using Amazon AWS computing resources, we identified 41 repurposable drugs (including indomethacin, toremifene and niclosamide) whose therapeutic association with COVID-19 were validated by transcriptomic and proteomic data in SARS-CoV-2 infected human cells and data from ongoing clinical trials. While this study, by no means recommends specific drugs, it demonstrates a powerful deep learning methodology to prioritize existing drugs for further investigation, which holds the potential of accelerating therapeutic development for COVID-19.

Classifier metrics are metrics used to evaluate the performance of machine learning classifiers -- models that put each training example into one of several discrete categories. Confusion Matrix is a matrix used to indicate a classifier's predictions on labels. It contains four cells, each corresponding to one combination of a predicted true or false and an actual true or false. Many classifier metrics are based on the confusion matrix, so it's helpful to keep an image of it stored in your mind. Sensitivity/Recall is the number of positives that were accurately predicted.

The last time I traveled along Stadium Way I was headed to a Dodger game, but on Monday afternoon I drove to the fire training center near the ballpark for a much less enjoyable experience. Just a cotton swab and a five-minute drive-through, with results to follow in a few days. I was conflicted about being tested, for two reasons. First, while we definitely needed to ramp up testing back at the beginning of this crisis, I'm wondering if the county has now gone overboard in offering free testing to all residents, whether or not they have symptoms. Second, I'm pretty sure that my minor allergy-like symptoms are just that: allergies.