The early detection of cancer is a challenging problem in medicine. The blood sera of cancer patients are enriched with heterogeneous secretory lipid bound extracellular vesicles (EVs), which present a complex repertoire of information and biomarkers, representing their cell of origin, that are being currently studied in the field of liquid biopsy and cancer screening. Vibrational spectroscopies provide non-invasive approaches for the assessment of structural and biophysical properties in complex biological samples. In this study, multiple Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on the EVs extracted from the blood sera of 9 patients consisting of four different cancer subtypes (colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and pancreatic cancer) and five healthy patients (controls). FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy measurements were performed as a complementary approach to Raman analysis, on two of the four cancer subtypes. The AdaBoost Random Forest Classifier, Decision Trees, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) distinguished the baseline corrected Raman spectra of cancer EVs from those of healthy controls (18 spectra) with a classification accuracy of greater than 90% when reduced to a spectral frequency range of 1800 to 1940 inverse cm, and subjected to a 0.5 training/testing split. FTIR classification accuracy on 14 spectra showed an 80% classification accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that basic machine learning algorithms are powerful tools to distinguish the complex vibrational spectra of cancer patient EVs from those of healthy patients. These experimental methods hold promise as valid and efficient liquid biopsy for machine intelligence-assisted early cancer screening.

State-of-the-art deep face recognition methods are mostly trained with a softmax-based multi-class classification framework. Despite being popular and effective, these methods still have a few shortcomings that limit empirical performance. In this paper, we first identify the discrepancy between training and evaluation in the existing multi-class classification framework and then discuss the potential limitations caused by the "competitive" nature of softmax normalization. Motivated by these limitations, we propose a novel binary classification training framework, termed SphereFace2. In contrast to existing methods, SphereFace2 circumvents the softmax normalization, as well as the corresponding closed-set assumption. This effectively bridges the gap between training and evaluation, enabling the representations to be improved individually by each binary classification task. Besides designing a specific well-performing loss function, we summarize a few general principles for this "one-vs-all" binary classification framework so that it can outperform current competitive methods. We conduct comprehensive experiments on popular benchmarks to demonstrate that SphereFace2 can consistently outperform current state-of-the-art deep face recognition methods.

To test out how much each model confused the motorcycle class for the bicycle class, evaluation was performed on 200 images that contained both bicycles and motorcycles. The total number of bicycle instances in this data set was 965.

Responding appropriately to the detections of a sequential change detector requires knowledge of the rate at which false positives occur in the absence of change. When the pre-change and post-change distributions are unknown, setting detection thresholds to achieve a desired false positive rate is challenging, even when there exists a large number of samples from the reference distribution. Existing works resort to setting time-invariant thresholds that focus on the expected runtime of the detector in the absence of change, either bounding it loosely from below or targeting it directly but with asymptotic arguments that we show cause significant miscalibration in practice. We present a simulation-based approach to setting time-varying thresholds that allows a desired expected runtime to be targeted with a 20x reduction in miscalibration whilst additionally keeping the false positive rate constant across time steps. Whilst the approach to threshold setting is metric agnostic, we show that when using the popular and powerful quadratic time MMD estimator, thoughtful structuring of the computation can reduce the cost during configuration from $O(N^2B)$ to $O(N^2+NB)$ and during operation from $O(N^2)$ to $O(N)$, where $N$ is the number of reference samples and $B$ the number of bootstrap samples. Code is made available as part of the open-source Python library \texttt{alibi-detect}.

The problem of domain adaptation conventionally considers the setting where a source domain has plenty of labeled data, and a target domain (with a different data distribution) has plenty of unlabeled data but none or very limited labeled data. In this paper, we address the setting where the target domain has only limited labeled data from a distribution that is expected to change frequently. We first propose a fast and light-weight method for adapting a Gaussian mixture density network (MDN) using only a small set of target domain samples. This method is well-suited for the setting where the distribution of target data changes rapidly (e.g., a wireless channel), making it challenging to collect a large number of samples and retrain. We then apply the proposed MDN adaptation method to the problem of end-of-end learning of a wireless communication autoencoder. A communication autoencoder models the encoder, decoder, and the channel using neural networks, and learns them jointly to minimize the overall decoding error rate. However, the error rate of an autoencoder trained on a particular (source) channel distribution can degrade as the channel distribution changes frequently, not allowing enough time for data collection and retraining of the autoencoder to the target channel distribution. We propose a method for adapting the autoencoder without modifying the encoder and decoder neural networks, and adapting only the MDN model of the channel. The method utilizes feature transformations at the decoder to compensate for changes in the channel distribution, and effectively present to the decoder samples close to the source distribution. Experimental evaluation on simulated datasets and real mmWave wireless channels demonstrate that the proposed methods can quickly adapt the MDN model, and improve or maintain the error rate of the autoencoder under changing channel conditions.

Paralytic Ileus (PI) patients are at high risk of death when admitted to the Intensive care unit (ICU), with mortality as high as 40\%. There is minimal research concerning PI patient mortality prediction. There is a need for more accurate prediction modeling for ICU patients diagnosed with PI. This paper demonstrates performance improvements in predicting the mortality of ICU patients diagnosed with PI after 24 hours of being admitted. The proposed framework, PMPI(Process Mining Model to predict mortality of PI patients), is a modification of the work used for prediction of in-hospital mortality for ICU patients with diabetes. PMPI demonstrates similar if not better performance with an Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) score of 0.82 compared to the best results of the existing literature. PMPI uses patient medical history, the time related to the events, and demographic information for prediction. The PMPI prediction framework has the potential to help medical teams in making better decisions for treatment and care for ICU patients with PI to increase their life expectancy.

Connected vehicles (CVs), because of the external connectivity with other CVs and connected infrastructure, are vulnerable to cyberattacks that can instantly compromise the safety of the vehicle itself and other connected vehicles and roadway infrastructure. One such cyberattack is the false information attack, where an external attacker injects inaccurate information into the connected vehicles and eventually can cause catastrophic consequences by compromising safety-critical applications like the forward collision warning. The occurrence and target of such attack events can be very dynamic, making real-time and near-real-time detection challenging. Change point models, can be used for real-time anomaly detection caused by the false information attack. In this paper, we have evaluated three change point-based statistical models; Expectation Maximization, Cumulative Summation, and Bayesian Online Change Point Algorithms for cyberattack detection in the CV data. Also, data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) models, which can be used to detect known and unknown underlying patterns in the dataset, have the potential of detecting a real-time anomaly in the CV data. We have used six AI models to detect false information attacks and compared the performance for detecting the attacks with our developed change point models. Our study shows that change points models performed better in real-time false information attack detection compared to the performance of the AI models. Change point models having the advantage of no training requirements can be a feasible and computationally efficient alternative to AI models for false information attack detection in connected vehicles.

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most investigated problems in the Combinatorial Optimization (CO) field. This is partly due to the fact that it belongs to the set of NP-Hard problems, which makes it particularly challenging. Moreover, the many practical problems that can be reduced to this - such as in Ratnesh et al. [10] where models of the TSP are presented to be used in the manufacture of microchips - make it even more attractive. At the same time, the full potentials of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques are becoming increasingly recognized in the CO field [2]. Mele et al. [17] recently introduced ML-Constructive, a promising constructive approach that computes fast solutions in two separate phases.

Delineating the lesion area is an important task in image-based diagnosis. Pixel-wise classification is a popular approach to segmenting the region of interest. However, at fuzzy boundaries such methods usually result in glitches, discontinuity, or disconnection, inconsistent with the fact that lesions are solid and smooth. To overcome these undesirable artifacts, we propose the BezierSeg model which outputs bezier curves encompassing the region of interest. Directly modelling the contour with analytic equations ensures that the segmentation is connected, continuous, and the boundary is smooth. In addition, it offers sub-pixel accuracy. Without loss of accuracy, the bezier contour can be resampled and overlaid with images of any resolution. Moreover, a doctor can conveniently adjust the curve's control points to refine the result. Our experiments show that the proposed method runs in real time and achieves accuracy competitive with pixel-wise segmentation models.

Many medical imaging techniques have played a pivotal role in the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, positron emission tomography (PET), mammography, and X-ray. AI has made significant progress which allows machines to automatically represent and explain complicated data. It is widely applied in the medical field, especially in some domains that need imaging data analysis. According to Vivantil et al by using deep learning models based on longitudinal liver CT studies, new liver tumours could be detected automatically with a true positive rate of 86%, while the stand-alone detection rate was only 72% and this method achieved a precision of 87% and an improvement of 39% over the traditional SVM mode. CNN models which use ultrasound images to detect liver lesions were also developed. According to Liu et al by using a CNN model based on liver ultrasound images, the proposed method can effectively extract the liver capsules and accurately diagnose liver cirrhosis, with the diagnostic AUC being able to reach 0.968.