In this series of articles, I would like to show how we can use a deep learning algorithm for fake news detection and compare some neural network architecture. This is the second part of this series, where I would like to create several deep learning models with Keras and Tensorflow. In the previous part of this series, I made exploratory data analysis for fake and not fake news. I used different analytics technic to compare fake and not fake news, let's give this work for neural networks. To start modeling, we need to make data preprocessing. Let's check NA values in our train data frame: As we can see, there is a lot of NA value in our dataset.

With the mankind being largely dependent on artificial intelligence, here is a list of AI platforms that are pulling the strings in the industry. For those unaware, Artificial Intelligence alludes the re-enactment of human insight into machine so as to enable them to think like members of the human race. Thus, attributes like problem solving, learning and critical thinking are carried on by machines. Artificial intelligence brings along a colossal potential to the table which is ultimately sculpturing the fate of technology in future. Thus, its no surprise that business industry is investing more and more in this platform that holds the promise of changing the world as we know it.

Have you found learning at home difficult? Most of us are in the same boat – there are too many things to juggle during these tumultuous times and learning has, contrary to our initial expectations, taken a back seat. So how can we get back on track? How can we combine our data science learning with practical experience? One key thing that has helped me immensely is picking an open-source data science project and running with it.

Google Brain has released the pre-trained models and fine-tuning code for Big Transfer (BiT), a deep-learning computer vision model. The models are pre-trained on publicly-available generic image datasets and can meet or exceed state-of-the-art performance on several vision benchmarks after fine-tuning on just a few samples. Paper co-authors Lucas Beyer and Alexander Kolesnikov gave an overview of their work in a recent blog post. To help advance the performance of deep-learning vision models, the team investigated large-scale pre-training and the effects of model size, dataset size, training duration, normalization strategy, and hyperparameter choice. As a result of this work, the team developed a "recipe" of components and training heuristics that achieves strong performance on a variety of benchmarks, including an "unprecedented top-5 accuracy of 80.0%" on the ObjectNet dataset.

One of the most acclaimed courses on using deep learning techniques for natural language processing is freely available online. To be clear, this isn't a recent occurrence; Stanford's Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning (CS224n) materials have been available online for quite some time, years in fact, and the available materials are constantly being updated to closely reflect what the in-school course looks like at any given time. And to be even more clear, there is no option to enroll, as this is not a MOOC; it is simply the freely available materials from this world-class course on the topic of deep learning with NLP. First, to provide clarity, here is the course's self-description: Natural language processing (NLP) or computational linguistics is one of the most important technologies of the information age. Applications of NLP are everywhere because people communicate almost everything in language: web search, advertising, emails, customer service, language translation, virtual agents, medical reports, etc.

The Traveling Salesman Problem is one of the most intensively studied combinatorial optimization problems due both to its range of real-world applications and its computational complexity. When combined with the Set Covering Problem, it raises even more issues related to tractability and scalability. We study a combined Set Covering and Traveling Salesman problem and provide a mixed integer programming formulation to solve the problem. Motivated by applications where the optimal policy needs to be updated on a regular basis and repetitively solving this via MIP can be computationally expensive, we propose a machine learning approach to effectively deal with this problem by providing an opportunity to learn from historical optimal solutions that are derived from the MIP formulation. We also present a case study using the vaccine distribution chain of the World Health Organization, and provide numerical results with data derived from four countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Given a sequence of sets, where each set contains an arbitrary number of elements, the problem of temporal sets prediction aims to predict the elements in the subsequent set. In practice, temporal sets prediction is much more complex than predictive modelling of temporal events and time series, and is still an open problem. Many possible existing methods, if adapted for the problem of temporal sets prediction, usually follow a two-step strategy by first projecting temporal sets into latent representations and then learning a predictive model with the latent representations. The two-step approach often leads to information loss and unsatisfactory prediction performance. In this paper, we propose an integrated solution based on the deep neural networks for temporal sets prediction. A unique perspective of our approach is to learn element relationship by constructing set-level co-occurrence graph and then perform graph convolutions on the dynamic relationship graphs. Moreover, we design an attention-based module to adaptively learn the temporal dependency of elements and sets. Finally, we provide a gated updating mechanism to find the hidden shared patterns in different sequences and fuse both static and dynamic information to improve the prediction performance. Experiments on real-world data sets demonstrate that our approach can achieve competitive performances even with a portion of the training data and can outperform existing methods with a significant margin.

Catastrophic interference is common in many network-based learning systems, and many proposals exist for mitigating it. But, before we overcome interference we must understand it better. In this work, we provide a definition of interference for control in reinforcement learning. We systematically evaluate our new measures, by assessing correlation with several measures of learning performance, including stability, sample efficiency, and online and offline control performance across a variety of learning architectures. Our new interference measure allows us to ask novel scientific questions about commonly used deep learning architectures. In particular we show that target network frequency is a dominating factor for interference, and that updates on the last layer result in significantly higher interference than updates internal to the network. This new measure can be expensive to compute; we conclude with motivation for an efficient proxy measure and empirically demonstrate it is correlated with our definition of interference.

Convolutional neural network (CNN) models for computer vision are powerful but lack explainability in their most basic form. This deficiency remains a key challenge when applying CNNs in important domains. Recent work for explanations through feature importance of approximate linear models has moved from input-level features (pixels or segments) to features from mid-layer feature maps in the guise of concept activation vectors (CAVs). CAVs contain concept-level information and could be learnt via Clustering. In this work, we rethink the ACE algorithm of Ghorbani et~al., proposing an alternative concept-based explanation framework. Based on the requirements of fidelity (approximate models) and interpretability (being meaningful to people), we design measurements and evaluate a range of dimensionality reduction methods for alignment with our framework. We find that non-negative concept activation vectors from non-negative matrix factorization provide superior performance in interpretability and fidelity based on computational and human subject experiments. Our framework provides both local and global concept-level explanations for pre-trained CNN models.

The emergence of powerful artificial intelligence is defining new research directions in neuroscience. To date, this research has focused largely on deep neural networks trained using supervised learning, in tasks such as image classification. However, there is another area of recent AI work which has so far received less attention from neuroscientists, but which may have profound neuroscientific implications: deep reinforcement learning. Deep RL offers a comprehensive framework for studying the interplay among learning, representation and decision-making, offering to the brain sciences a new set of research tools and a wide range of novel hypotheses. In the present review, we provide a high-level introduction to deep RL, discuss some of its initial applications to neuroscience, and survey its wider implications for research on brain and behavior, concluding with a list of opportunities for next-stage research.