Background/aims Human grading of digital images from diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening programmes represents a significant challenge, due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes. We evaluate the performance of an automated artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm to triage retinal images from the English Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP) into test-positive/technical failure versus test-negative, using human grading following a standard national protocol as the reference standard. Methods Retinal images from 30 405 consecutive screening episodes from three English DESPs were manually graded following a standard national protocol and by an automated process with machine learning enabled software, EyeArt v2.1. Screening performance (sensitivity, specificity) and diagnostic accuracy (95% CIs) were determined using human grades as the reference standard. Results Sensitivity (95% CIs) of EyeArt was 95.7% (94.8% to 96.5%) for referable retinopathy (human graded ungradable, referable maculopathy, moderate-to-severe non-proliferative or proliferative). This comprises sensitivities of 98.3% (97.3% to 98.9%) for mild-to-moderate non-proliferative retinopathy with referable maculopathy, 100% (98.7%,100%) for moderate-to-severe non-proliferative retinopathy and 100% (97.9%,100%) for proliferative disease. EyeArt agreed with the human grade of no retinopathy (specificity) in 68% (67% to 69%), with a specificity of 54.0% (53.4% to 54.5%) when combined with non-referable retinopathy. Conclusion The algorithm demonstrated safe levels of sensitivity for high-risk retinopathy in a real-world screening service, with specificity that could halve the workload for human graders. AI machine learning and deep learning algorithms such as this can provide clinically equivalent, rapid detection of retinopathy, particularly in settings where a trained workforce is unavailable or where large-scale and rapid results are needed.

Originally published at LinkedIn Pulse. Early last month, I presented a half-day tutorial on at this year's virtual CVPR 2020. This is a very unique experience, and I would like to share some of the highlights of the tutorial. The tutorial focused on a critical problem that arises as AI moves from experimentation to production; that is, how to seamlessly scale AI to distributed Big Data. Today, AI researchers and data scientists need to go through a mountain of pains to apply AI models to production dataset that is stored in distributed Big Data cluster.

Deep Learning A-Z: Hands-On Artificial Neural Networks, Learn to create Deep Learning Algorithms in Python from two Machine Learning & Data Science experts. BESTSELLER, 4.5 (25,134 ratings), Created by Kirill Eremenko, Hadelin de Ponteves, SuperDataScience Team, English, French [Auto-generated], 4 more

With deep learning, a technique that has helped produce spectacular AI … Improving the performance of an English-to-French machine-translation …

In machine learning, hyperparameter optimization or tuning is the problem of choosing a set of optimal hyperparameters for a learning algorithm. A hyperparameter is a parameter whose value is used to control the learning process. By contrast, the values of other parameters (typically node weights) are learned. The same kind of machine learning model can require different constraints, weights or learning rates to generalize different data patterns. These measures are called hyperparameters, and have to be tuned so that the model can optimally solve the machine learning problem.

Early last year, a large European supermarket chain deployed artificial intelligence to predict what customers would buy each day at different stores, to help keep shelves stocked while reducing costly spoilage of goods. The company already used purchasing data and a simple statistical method to predict sales. With deep learning, a technique that has helped produce spectacular AI advances in recent years--as well as additional data including local weather, traffic conditions, and competitors' actions--the company cut the number of errors by three-quarters. It was precisely the kind of high-impact, cost-saving effect that people expect from AI. But there was a huge catch: The new algorithm required so much computation that the company chose not to use it.

The context: One of the best unsolved defects of deep knowing is its vulnerability to so-called adversarial attacks. When included to the input of an AI system, these perturbations, apparently random or undetected to the human eye, can make things go totally awry. Stickers tactically put on a stop indication, for instance, can deceive a self-driving automobile into seeing a speed limitation indication for 45 miles per hour, while sticker labels on a roadway can puzzle a Tesla into drifting into the incorrect lane. Safety important: Most adversarial research study concentrates on image acknowledgment systems, however deep-learning-based image restoration systems are susceptible too. This is especially uncomfortable in healthcare, where the latter are typically utilized to rebuild medical images like CT or MRI scans from x-ray information.

Recently, a team of researchers from UC Berkeley and Adobe Research proposed a new machine learning model known as Swapping Autoencoder, which has the capability to perform image manipulation. The key idea of this research is to encode a picture into 2 independent components and then enforce that any swapped combination maps to a realistic image. Deep generative models such as GANs or Generative Adversarial Networks and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) have gained much traction by the researchers over the years. According to the researchers, deep generative models have become a popular technique when it comes to producing realistic images from randomly sampled data. However, such deep generative models face various challenges when used for a controllable manipulation of existing images.

Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm to learn a policy telling an agent what action to take under what circumstances. It does not require a model of the environment, and it can handle problems with stochastic transitions and rewards, without requiring adaptations. For any finite Markov decision process (FMDP), Q-learning finds an optimal policy in the sense of maximizing the expected value of the total reward over any and all successive steps, starting from the current state. Q-learning can identify an optimal action-selection policy for any given FMDP, given infinite exploration time and a partly-random policy. "Q" names the function that returns the reward used to provide the reinforcement and can be said to stand for the "quality" of an action taken in a given state.

Conventional seq2seq chatbot models attempt only to find sentences with the highest probabilities conditioned on the input sequences, without considering the sentiment of the output sentences. In this paper, we investigate four models to scale or adjust the sentiment of the chatbot response: a persona-based model, reinforcement learning, a plug and play model, and CycleGAN, all based on the seq2seq model. We also develop machine-evaluated metrics to estimate whether the responses are reasonable given the input. These metrics, together with human evaluation, are used to analyze the performance of the four models in terms of different aspects; reinforcement learning and CycleGAN are shown to be very attractive.