Causal models can compactly and efficiently encode the data-generating process under all interventions and hence may generalize better under changes in distribution. These models are often represented as Bayesian networks and learning them scales poorly with the number of variables. Moreover, these approaches cannot leverage previously learned knowledge to help with learning new causal models. In order to tackle these challenges, we represent a novel algorithm called \textit{causal relational networks} (CRN) for learning causal models using neural networks. The CRN represent causal models using continuous representations and hence could scale much better with the number of variables. These models also take in previously learned information to facilitate learning of new causal models. Finally, we propose a decoding-based metric to evaluate causal models with continuous representations. We test our method on synthetic data achieving high accuracy and quick adaptation to previously unseen causal models.

Temporal Ensembling is a semi-supervised approach that allows training deep neural network models with a small number of labeled images. In this paper, we present our preliminary study on the effect of intraclass variability on temporal ensembling, with a focus on seed size and seed type, respectively. Through our experiments we find that (a) there is a significant drop in accuracy with datasets that offer high intraclass variability, (b) more seed images offer consistently higher accuracy across the datasets, and (c) seed type indeed has an impact on the overall efficiency, where it produces a spectrum of accuracy both lower and higher. Additionally, based on our experiments, we also find KMNIST to be a competitive baseline for temporal ensembling.

Recently, self-attention based models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in sequential recommendation task. Following the custom from language processing, most of these models rely on a simple positional embedding to exploit the sequential nature of the user's history. However, there are some limitations regarding the current approaches. First, sequential recommendation is different from language processing in that timestamp information is available. Previous models have not made good use of it to extract additional contextual information. Second, using a simple embedding scheme can lead to information bottleneck since the same embedding has to represent all possible contextual biases. Third, since previous models use the same positional embedding in each attention head, they can wastefully learn overlapping patterns. To address these limitations, we propose MEANTIME (MixturE of AtteNTIon mechanisms with Multi-temporal Embeddings) which employs multiple types of temporal embeddings designed to capture various patterns from the user's behavior sequence, and an attention structure that fully leverages such diversity. Experiments on real-world data show that our proposed method outperforms current state-of-the-art sequential recommendation methods, and we provide an extensive ablation study to analyze how the model gains from the diverse positional information.

Recent results show that features of adversarially trained networks for classification, in addition to being robust, enable desirable properties such as invertibility. The latter property may seem counter-intuitive as it is widely accepted by the community that classification models should only capture the minimal information (features) required for the task. Motivated by this discrepancy, we investigate the dual relationship between Adversarial Training and Information Theory. We show that the Adversarial Training can improve linear transferability to new tasks, from which arises a new trade-off between transferability of representations and accuracy on the source task. We validate our results employing robust networks trained on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet on several datasets. Moreover, we show that Adversarial Training reduces Fisher information of representations about the input and of the weights about the task, and we provide a theoretical argument which explains the invertibility of deterministic networks without violating the principle of minimality. Finally, we leverage our theoretical insights to remarkably improve the quality of reconstructed images through inversion.

In audio-visual navigation, an agent intelligently travels through a complex, unmapped 3D environment using both sights and sounds to find a sound source (e.g., a phone ringing in another room). Existing models learn to act at a fixed granularity of agent motion and rely on simple recurrent aggregations of the audio observations. We introduce a reinforcement learning approach to audio-visual navigation with two key novel elements 1) audio-visual waypoints that are dynamically set and learned end-to-end within the navigation policy, and 2) an acoustic memory that provides a structured, spatially grounded record of what the agent has heard as it moves. Both new ideas capitalize on the synergy of audio and visual data for revealing the geometry of an unmapped space. We demonstrate our approach on the challenging Replica environments of real-world 3D scenes. Our model improves the state of the art by a substantial margin, and our experiments reveal that learning the links between sights, sounds, and space is essential for audio-visual navigation.

Organoids 3D printing has quickly become one of the leading segments of the 3D printing industry in terms of innovation. Until recently, the market was primarily focused on North America, however many companies, laboratories, and universities around the world are exploring this field as well. Thanks to 3D printing techniques, cells and biomaterials can be combined and deposited layer by layer to create biomedical developments that have the same properties as living tissues. During this process, various bio-links can be used to create these tissue-like structures, which have applications in the fields of medical and tissue engineering. Of course, it is more than knowing that the goal of all these developments is to successfully bioprint a fully functional human organ.

The Google AI Residency Program was created in 2015 with the goal of training and supporting the next generation of deep learning researchers. With machine learning fast becoming a critical area for a broad range of applications, we recognized the need to evolve our research goals and expand beyond deep learning to include a breadth of machine learning subfields. People from a wide range of disciplines are beginning to realize the importance and impact of this area of research. With growing interest in the field, there is a corresponding need for researchers with hands-on experience in machine learning techniques and methodologies. Residents will have the opportunity to be mentored by distinguished scientists and engineers from various teams within Google AI, and work on real-world machine learning problems and applications.

In computer vision, we often build Convolution neural networks for different problems dealing with images like image classification, object detection, etc. In image classification tasks a CNN network is built using a combination of different convolution layers, pooling layers, dropouts, and at last fully connected layers. But while building this type of networks we define different sizes of kernels to extract feature maps and different neurons for different layers. We do not have a fixed rule of defining the number of layers, neurons, and kernel size. Keras Tuner is a library that resolves this problem and gives us the optimal parameters to attain high accuracy.

To celebrate the release of fast.ai's You can buy the book from Amazon, or read it for free in Jupyter Notebook format. Your browser does not support the video element. In a very short time, deep learning has become a widely useful technique, solving and automating problems in computer vision, robotics, healthcare, physics, biology, and beyond. One of the delightful things about deep learning is its relative simplicity.

Researchers at the Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences have created knowledge-primed neural networks (KPNNs) which utilize signaling pathways and gene-regulatory networks. Each node in a KPNN corresponds to a protein or gene, while each edge possesses a mechanistic biological interpretation. By requiring this closer correspondence, KPNNs integrate deep learning with the interpretability of biological network models, yielding tangible insights into biological systems with high prediction performance. KPNNs are especially applicable to single-cell RNA-seq data, which is produced at massive scale with single-cell sequencing assays. The findings illustrate the future impact that artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning will have on mechanistic biology as the scientific community learns to add biologically interpretability to AI outcomes, the researchers say.