However, the evolution of mainstream transportation systems towards a connected cyber infrastructure, such as connected traffic signal controllers, is increasing system vulnerability to potential cyber attack, allowing malicious actors (individuals, criminals, or terrorist organizations) to exploit security vulnerabilities of such transportation infrastructure (1)-(3). In the U.S., the number of cyberattacks on smart mobility systems has jumped significantly in recent years (4). As vehicles are moving towards connected and automated driving, and cities are focusing on creating a transportation cyber infrastructure that will transform legacy transportation infrastructure to connected, adaptable, and automated systems, the security problems will only increase and further compromise public safety (5). Many studies show that a cyber attack on connected vehicle-based (CV-based) traffic signal control algorithms can break down a traffic network by creating severe congestion (6-10). An adaptive traffic signal controller (ATSC) combined with a connected vehicle (CV) concept uses real-time vehicle trajectory data to regulate green time; this combination also has the ability to reduce intersection waiting time significantly and improve travel time in a signalized corridor (11). A CV-based ATSC can be manipulated in two ways: (i) gain access through vulnerabilities and exploit the ATSC; and (ii) produce abnormal behavior through the manipulation of inputs of vehicle-related data (9).

A resilient and robust positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) system is a necessity for the navigation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Global Navigation Satelite System (GNSS) provides satellite-based PNT services. However, a spoofer can temper an authentic GNSS signal and could transmit wrong position information to an AV. Therefore, a GNSS must have the capability of real-time detection and feedback-correction of spoofing attacks related to PNT receivers, whereby it will help the end-user (autonomous vehicle in this case) to navigate safely if it falls into any compromises. This paper aims to develop a deep reinforcement learning (RL)-based turn-by-turn spoofing attack detection using low-cost in-vehicle sensor data. We have utilized Honda Driving Dataset to create attack and non-attack datasets, develop a deep RL model, and evaluate the performance of the RL-based attack detection model. We find that the accuracy of the RL model ranges from 99.99% to 100%, and the recall value is 100%. However, the precision ranges from 93.44% to 100%, and the f1 score ranges from 96.61% to 100%. Overall, the analyses reveal that the RL model is effective in turn-by-turn spoofing attack detection.

This paper presents a sensor fusion based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) spoofing attack detection framework for autonomous vehicles (AV) that consists of two concurrent strategies: (i) detection of vehicle state using predicted location shift -- i.e., distance traveled between two consecutive timestamps -- and monitoring of vehicle motion state -- i.e., standstill/ in motion; and (ii) detection and classification of turns (i.e., left or right). Data from multiple low-cost in-vehicle sensors (i.e., accelerometer, steering angle sensor, speed sensor, and GNSS) are fused and fed into a recurrent neural network model, which is a long short-term memory (LSTM) network for predicting the location shift, i.e., the distance that an AV travels between two consecutive timestamps. This location shift is then compared with the GNSS-based location shift to detect an attack. We have then combined k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithms to detect and classify left and right turns using data from the steering angle sensor. To prove the efficacy of the sensor fusion-based attack detection framework, attack datasets are created for four unique and sophisticated spoofing attacks-turn-by-turn, overshoot, wrong turn, and stop, using the publicly available real-world Honda Research Institute Driving Dataset (HDD). Our analysis reveals that the sensor fusion-based detection framework successfully detects all four types of spoofing attacks within the required computational latency threshold.

Autonomous spacecraft relative navigation technology has been planned for and applied to many famous space missions. The development of on-board electronics systems has enabled the use of vision-based and LiDAR-based methods to achieve better performances. Meanwhile, deep learning has reached great success in different areas, especially in computer vision, which has also attracted the attention of space researchers. However, spacecraft navigation differs from ground tasks due to high reliability requirements but lack of large datasets. This survey aims to systematically investigate the current deep learning-based autonomous spacecraft relative navigation methods, focusing on concrete orbital applications such as spacecraft rendezvous and landing on small bodies or the Moon. The fundamental characteristics, primary motivations, and contributions of deep learning-based relative navigation algorithms are first summarised from three perspectives of spacecraft rendezvous, asteroid exploration, and terrain navigation. Furthermore, popular visual tracking benchmarks and their respective properties are compared and summarised. Finally, potential applications are discussed, along with expected impediments.

From the past few years, due to advancements in technologies, the sedentary living style in urban areas is at its peak. This results in individuals getting a victim of obesity at an early age. There are various health impacts of obesity like Diabetes, Heart disease, Blood pressure problems, and many more. Machine learning from the past few years is showing its implications in all expertise like forecasting, healthcare, medical imaging, sentiment analysis, etc. In this work, we aim to provide a framework that uses machine learning algorithms namely, Random Forest, Decision Tree, XGBoost, Extra Trees, and KNN to train models that would help predict obesity levels (Classification), Bodyweight, and fat percentage levels (Regression) using various parameters. We also applied and compared various hyperparameter optimization (HPO) algorithms such as Genetic algorithm, Random Search, Grid Search, Optuna to further improve the accuracy of the models. The website framework contains various other features like making customizable Diet plans, workout plans, and a dashboard to track the progress. The framework is built using the Python Flask. Furthermore, a weighing scale using the Internet of Things (IoT) is also integrated into the framework to track calories and macronutrients from food intake.

Automated next-best action recommendation for each customer in a sequential, dynamic and interactive context has been widely needed in natural, social and business decision-making. Personalized next-best action recommendation must involve past, current and future customer demographics and circumstances (states) and behaviors, long-range sequential interactions between customers and decision-makers, multi-sequence interactions between states, behaviors and actions, and their reactions to their counterpart's actions. No existing modeling theories and tools, including Markovian decision processes, user and behavior modeling, deep sequential modeling, and personalized sequential recommendation, can quantify such complex decision-making on a personal level. We take a data-driven approach to learn the next-best actions for personalized decision-making by a reinforced coupled recurrent neural network (CRN). CRN represents multiple coupled dynamic sequences of a customer's historical and current states, responses to decision-makers' actions, decision rewards to actions, and learns long-term multi-sequence interactions between parties (customer and decision-maker). Next-best actions are then recommended on each customer at a time point to change their state for an optimal decision-making objective. Our study demonstrates the potential of personalized deep learning of multi-sequence interactions and automated dynamic intervention for personalized decision-making in complex systems.

We investigate ensembling techniques in forecasting and examine their potential for use in nonseasonal time-series similar to those in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. Developing improved forecast methods is essential as they provide data-driven decisions to organisations and decision-makers during critical phases. We propose using late data fusion, using a stacked ensemble of two forecasting models and two meta-features that prove their predictive power during a preliminary forecasting stage. The final ensembles include a Prophet and long short term memory (LSTM) neural network as base models. The base models are combined by a multilayer perceptron (MLP), taking into account meta-features that indicate the highest correlation with each base model's forecast accuracy. We further show that the inclusion of meta-features generally improves the ensemble's forecast accuracy across two forecast horizons of seven and fourteen days. This research reinforces previous work and demonstrates the value of combining traditional statistical models with deep learning models to produce more accurate forecast models for time-series from different domains and seasonality.

We have entered a new era of machine learning (ML), where the most accurate algorithm with superior predictive power may not even be deployable, unless it is admissible under the regulatory constraints. This has led to great interest in developing fair, transparent and trustworthy ML methods. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new information-theoretic learning framework (admissible machine learning) and algorithmic risk-management tools (InfoGram, L-features, ALFA-testing) that can guide an analyst to redesign off-the-shelf ML methods to be regulatory compliant, while maintaining good prediction accuracy. We have illustrated our approach using several real-data examples from financial sectors, biomedical research, marketing campaigns, and the criminal justice system.

Floods wreak havoc throughout the world, causing billions of dollars in damages, and uprooting communities, ecosystems and economies. Accurate and robust flood detection including delineating open water flood areas and identifying flood levels can aid in disaster response and mitigation. However, estimating flood levels remotely is of essence as physical access to flooded areas is limited and the ability to deploy instruments in potential flood zones can be dangerous. Aligning flood extent mapping with local topography can provide a plan-of-action that the disaster response team can consider. Thus, remote flood level estimation via satellites like Sentinel-1 can prove to be remedial. The Emerging Techniques in Computational Intelligence (ETCI) competition on Flood Detection tasked participants with predicting flooded pixels after training with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images in a supervised setting. We use a cyclical approach involving two stages (1) training an ensemble model of multiple UNet architectures with available high and low confidence labeled data and, generating pseudo labels or low confidence labels on the entire unlabeled test dataset, and then, (2) filter out quality generated labels and, (3) combining the generated labels with the previously available high confidence labeled dataset. This assimilated dataset is used for the next round of training ensemble models. This cyclical process is repeated until the performance improvement plateaus. Additionally, we post process our results with Conditional Random Fields. Our approach sets the second highest score on the public hold-out test leaderboard for the ETCI competition with 0.7654 IoU. To the best of our knowledge we believe this is one of the first works to try out semi-supervised learning to improve flood segmentation models.

With the evolution of the concept of Speaker diarization using LSTM, it's relatively easier to understand the speaker identities for specific segments of input audio stream data than manually tagging the data. With such a concept, it's highly desirable to consider the possibility of using the identified speaker identities to aid in predicting the future Speaker States in a conversation. In this study, the Markov Chains are used to identify and update the Speaker States for the next conversations between the same set of speakers, to enable identification of their states in the most natural and long conversations. The model is based on several audio samples from natural conversations of three or greater than three speakers in two datasets, with overall total error percentages for recognized states being lesser than or equal to 12%. The findings imply that the proposed extension to the Speaker diarization is effective to predict the states for a conversation.