Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a dominant AI paradigm due to their exceptional text understanding and generation capabilities. However, their tendency to generate inconsistent or erroneous outputs challenges their reliability, especially in high-stakes domains requiring accuracy and trustworthiness. Existing research primarily focuses on detecting and mitigating model misbehavior in general-purpose scenarios, often overlooking the potential of integrating domain-specific knowledge. In this work, we advance misbehavior detection by incorporating domain knowledge. The core idea is to design a general specification language that enables domain experts to customize domain-specific constraints in a lightweight and intuitive manner, supporting later runtime monitoring of LLM outputs.

Event cameras offer unique advantages in scenarios involving high speed, low light, and high dynamic range, yet their asynchronous and sparse nature poses significant challenges to efficient spatiotemporal representation learning. Specifically, despite notable progress in the field, effectively modeling the full spatiotemporal context, selectively attending to salient dynamic regions, and robustly adapting to the variable density and dynamic nature of event data remain key challenges. Motivated by these challenges, this paper proposes EventMG, a lightweight, efficient, multilevel Mamba-Graph architecture designed for learning high-quality spatiotemporal event representations. EventMG employs a multilevel approach, jointly modeling information at the micro (single event) and macro (event cluster) levels to comprehensively capture the multi-scale characteristics of event data. At the micro-level, it focuses on spatiotemporal details, employing State Space Model (SSM) based Mamba, to precisely capture long-range dependencies among numerous event nodes. Concurrently, at the macro-level, Component Graphs are introduced to efficiently encode the local semantics and global topology of dense event regions. Furthermore, to better accommodate the dynamic and sparse characteristics of data, we propose the Spatiotemporal-aware Event Scanning Technology (SEST), integrating the Adaptive Perturbation Network (APN) and Multidirectional Scanning Module (MSM), which substantially enhances the model's ability to perceive and focus on key spatiotemporal patterns. By employing this novel collaborative paradigm, EventMG demonstrates the ability to effectively capture multi-level spatiotemporal characteristics of event data while maintaining a low parameter count and linear computational complexity, suggesting a promising direction for event representation learning.

Recent language models exhibit strong reasoning capabilities, yet the influence of long-context capacity on reasoning remains underexplored. In this work, we hypothesize that current limitations in reasoning stem, in part, from insufficient long-context capacity, motivated by empirical observations such as i) higher context window length often leads to stronger reasoning performance, and ii) failed reasoning cases resemble failed long-context cases. To test this hypothesis, we examine whether enhancing a model's long-context ability before Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) leads to improved reasoning performance. Specifically, we compared models with identical architectures and fine-tuning data but varying levels of long-context capacity. Our results reveal a consistent trend: models with stronger long-context capacity achieve significantly higher accuracy on reasoning benchmarks after SFT. Notably, these gains persist even on tasks with short input lengths, indicating that long-context training offers generalizable benefits for reasoning performance. These findings suggest that long-context modeling is not just essential for processing lengthy inputs, but also serves as a critical foundation for reasoning. We advocate for treating long-context capacity as a first-class objective in the design of future language models.

While Classifier-Free Guidance (CFG) has become standard for improving sample fidelity in conditional diffusion models, it can harm diversity and induce memorization by applying constant guidance regardless of whether a particular sample needs correction. We propose FeedBack Guidance (FBG), which uses a state-dependent coefficient to self-regulate guidance amounts based on need. Our approach is derived from first principles by assuming the learned conditional distribution is linearly corrupted by the unconditional distribution, contrasting with CFG's implicit multiplicative assumption. Our scheme relies on feedback of its own predictions about the conditional signal informativeness to adapt guidance dynamically during inference, challenging the view of guidance as a fixed hyperparameter. The approach is benchmarked on ImageNet512x512, where it significantly outperforms Classifier-Free Guidance and is competitive to Limited Interval Guidance (LIG) while benefitting from a strong mathematical framework. On Text-To-Image generation, we demonstrate that, as anticipated, our approach automatically applies higher guidance scales for complex prompts than for simpler ones and that it can be easily combined with existing guidance schemes such as CFG or LIG. Our code is available at this link.

Image restoration aims to recover sharp, high-quality images from degraded, lowquality inputs. Existing methods have progressively advanced from task-specific designs to general architectures, all-in-one frameworks, and composite degradation handling. Despite these advances, computational efficiency remains a critical factor for practical deployment. In this work, we present BioIR, an efficient and universal image restoration framework inspired by the human visual system. Specifically, we design two bio-inspired modules, Peripheral-to-Foveal (P2F) and Foveal-to-Peripheral (F2P), to emulate the perceptual processes of human vision, with a particular focus on the functional interplay between foveal and peripheral pathways. P2F delivers large-field contextual signals to foveal regions based on pixel-to-region affinity, while F2P propagates fine-grained spatial details through a static-to-dynamic two-stage integration strategy. Leveraging the biologically motivated design, BioIR achieves state-of-the-art performance across three representative image restoration settings: single-degradation, all-in-one, and composite degradation. Moreover, BioIR maintains high computational efficiency and fast inference speed, making it highly suitable for real-world applications. The code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/c-yn/BioIR.

In this work, we aim to incentivize the reasoning ability of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) via reinforcement learning (RL) and develop an effective approach that mitigates the sparse reward and advantage vanishing issues during RL. To this end, we propose Share-GRPO, a novel RL approach that tackle these issues by exploring and sharing diverse reasoning trajectories over expanded question space. Specifically, Share-GRPO first expands the question space for a given question via data transformation techniques, and then encourages MLLM to effectively explore diverse reasoning trajectories over the expanded question space and shares the discovered reasoning trajectories across the expanded questions during RL. In addition, Share-GRPO also shares reward information during advantage computation, which estimates solution advantages hierarchically across and within question variants, allowing more accurate estimation of relative advantages and improving the stability of policy training.

Vehicle trajectory prediction serves as a critical enabler for autonomous navigation and intelligent transportation systems. While existing approaches predominantly focus on pattern extraction and vehicle-environment interaction modeling, they exhibit a fundamental limitation in addressing trajectory heterogeneity originating from human driving styles. This oversight constrains prediction reliability in complex real-world scenarios. To bridge this gap, we propose the Driving-StyleAdaptive (DSA) framework, which establishes the first systematic integration of heterogeneous driving behaviors into trajectory prediction models. Specifically, our framework employs a set of basis functions tailored to each driving style to approximate the trajectory patterns. By dynamically combining and adaptively adjusting the degree of these basis functions, DSA not only enhances prediction accuracy but also provides explanations insights into the prediction process. Extensive experiments on public real-world datasets demonstrate that the DSA framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Sparse inertial measurement units (IMUs) provide a portable, low-cost solution for human motion tracking but struggle with error accumulation from drift and sensor noise when estimating joint position through time-based linear acceleration integration (i.e., indirect measurement). To address this, we propose ToF-IP, a novel 3D full-body pose estimation system that integrates Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors with sparse IMUs. The distinct advantage of our approach is that ToF sensors provide direct distance measurements, effectively mitigating error accumulation without relying on indirect time-based integration. From a hardware perspective, we maintain the portability of existing solutions by attaching ToF sensors to selected IMUs with a negligible volume increase of just 3%. On the software side, we introduce two novel techniques to enhance multi-sensor integration: (i) a NodeCentric Data Integration strategy that leverages a Transformer encoder to explicitly model both intra-node and inter-node data integration by treating each sensing node as a token; and (ii) a Dynamic Spatial Positional Encoding scheme that encodes the continuously changing spatial positions of wearable nodes as motion-conditioned functions, enabling the model to better capture human body dynamics in the embedding space. Additionally, we contribute a 208-minute human motion dataset from 10 participants, including synchronized IMU-ToF measurements and groundtruth from optical tracking. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches such as PNP, achieving superior accuracy in tracking complex and slow motions like Tai Chi, which remains challenging for inertial-only methods.

Recent advances have enabled LLM-powered AI agents to autonomously execute complex tasks by combining language model reasoning with tools, memory, and web access. But can these systems be trusted to follow deployment policies in realistic environments, especially under attack? To investigate, we ran the largest public red-teaming competition to date, targeting 22 frontier AI agents across 44 realistic deployment scenarios. Participants submitted 1.8 million promptinjection attacks, with over 60,000 successfully eliciting policy violations such as unauthorized data access, illicit financial actions, and regulatory noncompliance. We use these results to build the Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark--a curated set of high-impact attacks--and evaluate it across 19state-of-the-art models.

In this paper, we propose a novel learning paradigm, termed "Chain-of-Model" (CoM), which incorporates the causal relationship into the hidden states of each layer as a chain style, thereby introducing great scaling efficiency in model training and inference flexibility in deployment. We introduce the concept of "Chainof-Representation" (CoR), which formulates the hidden states at each layer as a combination of multiple sub-representations (i.e., chains) at the hidden dimension level. In each layer, each chain from the output representations can only view all of its preceding chains in the input representations. Consequently, the model built upon CoM framework can progressively scale up the model size by increasing the chains based on the previous models (i.e., chains), and offer multiple sub-models at varying sizes for elastic inference by using different chain numbers. Based on this principle, we devise Chain-of-Language-Model (CoLM), which incorporates the idea of CoM into each layer of Transformer architecture. Based on CoLM, we further introduce CoLM-Air by introducing a KV sharing mechanism, that computes all keys and values within the first chain and then shares across all chains. This design demonstrates additional extensibility, such as enabling seamless LM switching, prefilling acceleration and so on. Experimental results demonstrate our CoLM family can achieve comparable performance to the standard Transformer, while simultaneously enabling greater flexiblity, such as progressive scaling to improve training efficiency and offer multiple varying model sizes for elastic inference, paving a a new way toward building language models. Our code will be released in the future at: https://github.com/microsoft/CoLM.