A graphical model or probabilistic graphical model (PGM) or structured probabilistic model is a probabilistic model for which a graph expresses the conditional dependence structure between random variables. They are commonly used in probability theory, statistics—particularly Bayesian statistics—and machine learning. (Wikipedia)
Examples of such models arise naturally in modelling images [27, 39], natural language [54], Markov random fields [61] and nonparametric density estimation [63, 69].
Multi-agent systems are characterized by environmental uncertainty, varying policies of agents, and partial observability, which result in significant risks.