One of the best-studied networks in neuroscience is the brain of a fruit fly, in particular, a part called the mushroom body. This analyzes sensory inputs such as odors, temperature, humidity and visual data so that the fly can learn to distinguish friendly stimuli from dangerous ones. Neuroscientists have long known how this section of the brain is wired. It consists of a set of cells called projection neurons that transmit the sensory information to a population of 2,000 neurons called Kenyon cells. The Kenyon cells are wired together to form a neural network capable of learning. This is how fruit flies learn to avoid potentially hazardous sensory inputs -- such as dangerous smells and temperatures -- while learning to approach foodstuffs, potential mates, and so on.

Facial recognition technology amplifies racist policing, threatens the right to protest and should be banned globally, Amnesty International said as it urged New York City to pass a ban on its use in mass surveillance by law enforcement. "Facial recognition risks being weaponised by law enforcement against marginalised communities around the world," said Matt Mahmoudi, AI and human rights researcher at Amnesty. "From New Delhi to New York, this invasive technology turns our identities against us and undermines human rights. "New Yorkers should be able to go out about their daily lives without being tracked by facial recognition. Other major cities across the US have already banned facial recognition, and New York must do the same." Albert Fox Cahn of New York's Urban Justice Centre, which is supporting Amnesty's Ban the Scan campaign, said: "Facial recognition is biased, broken, and antithetical to democracy.

Deep neural networks have been applied in many applications exhibiting extraordinary abilities in the field of computer vision. However, complex network architectures challenge efficient real-time deployment and require significant computation resources and energy costs. These challenges can be overcome through optimizations such as network compression. This paper provides a survey on two types of network compression: pruning and quantization. We compare current techniques, analyze their strengths and weaknesses, provide guidance for compressing networks, and discuss possible future compression techniques.

"The hang up is what's going on in the robot's head," she adds. Perceiving stimuli and calculating a response takes a "boatload of computation," which limits reaction time, says Neuman, who recently graduated with a PhD from the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). Neuman has found a way to fight this mismatch between a robot's "mind" and body. The method, called robomorphic computing, uses a robot's physical layout and intended applications to generate a customized computer chip that minimizes the robot's response time. The advance could fuel a variety of robotics applications, including, potentially, frontline medical care of contagious patients.

There is growing evidence showing the significant role of social determinant of health (SDOH) on a wide variety of health outcomes. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), electronic health records (EHRs) have been widely used to conduct observational studies. However, how to make the best of SDOH information from EHRs is yet to be studied. In this paper, we systematically reviewed recently published papers and provided a methodology review of AI methods using the SDOH information in EHR data. A total of 1250 articles were retrieved from the literature between 2010 and 2020, and 74 papers were included in this review after abstract and full-text screening. We summarized these papers in terms of general characteristics (including publication years, venues, countries etc.), SDOH types, disease areas, study outcomes, AI methods to extract SDOH from EHRs and AI methods using SDOH for healthcare outcomes. Finally, we conclude this paper with discussion on the current trends, challenges, and future directions on using SDOH from EHRs.

Accountability is widely understood as a goal for well governed computer systems, and is a sought-after value in many governance contexts. But how can it be achieved? Recent work on standards for governable artificial intelligence systems offers a related principle: traceability. Traceability requires establishing not only how a system worked but how it was created and for what purpose, in a way that explains why a system has particular dynamics or behaviors. It connects records of how the system was constructed and what the system did mechanically to the broader goals of governance, in a way that highlights human understanding of that mechanical operation and the decision processes underlying it. We examine the various ways in which the principle of traceability has been articulated in AI principles and other policy documents from around the world, distill from these a set of requirements on software systems driven by the principle, and systematize the technologies available to meet those requirements. From our map of requirements to supporting tools, techniques, and procedures, we identify gaps and needs separating what traceability requires from the toolbox available for practitioners. This map reframes existing discussions around accountability and transparency, using the principle of traceability to show how, when, and why transparency can be deployed to serve accountability goals and thereby improve the normative fidelity of systems and their development processes.

This year, new technologies will enable more drivers to take their hands off the wheel while on the road. But that doesn't mean their cars will be fully self-driving -- that day still remains far in the future. Automakers like General Motors (GM), Ford (F) and Stellantis (the company formed in the recent merger of Fiat Chrysler and Groupe PSA) are introducing -- or upgrading existing -- technologies that allow drivers to completely take their hands off the steering wheel and pull their feet away from the pedals for long stretches of time. But these systems will still be limited in their capabilities. Drivers will still be required to pay constant attention to the road, for instance.

"Kevin Murphy's book on machine learning is a superbly written, comprehensive treatment of the field, built on a foundation of probability theory. It is rigorous yet readily accessible, and is a must-have for anyone interested in gaining a deep understanding of machine learning." "This is a remarkable book covering the conceptual, theoretical and computational foundations of probabilistic machine learning, starting with the basics and moving seamlessly to the leading edge of this field. The pedagogical structure of the book is extremely useful for teaching. One of my favorite parts is that most of the figures of the book have a link to the associated (python, JAX, tensorflow) code that is used to generate them, often with comparisons between the different computational ways of solving the problems." "This book could be titled'What every ML PhD student should know'.

To navigate built environments, robots must be able to sense and make decisions about how to interact with their locale. Researchers at the company were interested in using machine and deep learning to train their robots to learn about objects, but doing so requires a large dataset of images. While there are millions of photos and videos of rooms, none were shot from the vantage point of a robotic vacuum. Efforts to train using images with human-centric perspectives failed. Beksi's research focuses on robotics, computer vision, and cyber-physical systems.

Predictions obtained by, e.g., artificial neural networks have a high accuracy but humans often perceive the models as black boxes. Insights about the decision making are mostly opaque for humans. Particularly understanding the decision making in highly sensitive areas such as healthcare or finance, is of paramount importance. The decision-making behind the black boxes requires it to be more transparent, accountable, and understandable for humans. This survey paper provides essential definitions, an overview of the different principles and methodologies of explainable Supervised Machine Learning (SML). We conduct a state-of-the-art survey that reviews past and recent explainable SML approaches and classifies them according to the introduced definitions. Finally, we illustrate principles by means of an explanatory case study and discuss important future directions.