While they started out as technological curiosities -- pet projects of computer scientists at MIT, Stanford, and other tech havens -- chatbots are now evolving into the next big interface for doing anything and everything. Ordering flowers, checking the weather, hailing a ride … a few short years ago we'd say, "There's an app for that." But more and more it seems we're able to say, "There's a chatbot for that." One of the main drivers of the rise of the chatbots, of course, is the rise of 1:1 messaging. While AOL and MSN Messenger offered us a glimpse of the future with SmarterChild, messaging platforms like Facebook Messenger and Slack are now helping to elevate chatbots from interesting playthings to powerful tools.

In the deadliest attack against Indian forces in more than a decade, militants sneaked into an army encampment in the disputed territory of Kashmir early Sunday and opened fire on sleeping soldiers, killing at least 17 and wounding dozens. The four assailants, who also threw grenades that caused tents and temporary shelters to catch fire at the army brigade headquarters at Uri, were killed in a gun battle with security forces that lasted six hours, authorities said. Indian officials blamed the Pakistan-based militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed for the attack, saying it had recovered weapons from the assailants that carried Pakistani markings. Lt. Gen. Ranbir Singh, the director of military operations, said he contacted his Pakistani counterpart to convey "serious concerns." Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh was more pointed, saying on Twitter: "Pakistan is a terrorist state, and it should be identified and isolated as such."

Since I'm a cognitive scientist and also something of a data scientist, I figured I'd weigh in on'Cognitive Computing'--what it is, what it isn't, and what is could (and should) be. The'cognitive' bit of Cognitive Computing is a marketing term. Cognitive computing describes technology platforms that broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of Artificial Intelligence and Signal Processing. These platforms encompass machine learning, reasoning, natural language processing, speech and vision, human-computer interaction, dialog and narrative generation and more. From the people I've talked to who work with this stuff, the converged-upon definition of Cognitive Computing seems to boil down to inference plus recommendation.

Like most sectors, the solar industry is rapidly embracing ways to analyze and crunch data in order to lower the cost of solar energy and to open up new markets for their technology. The rise of data tools--algorithms, machine learning, sensors--are driving investments in, and acquisitions of, solar startups, while entrepreneurs are launching new companies that are using data to solve various solar industry problems. Meanwhile, big companies are spending money on tracking, monitoring and evaluating data from solar projects worldwide, helping to lower the cost of generating energy from the sun. It shouldn't come as a surprise that the solar sector is the latest to embrace the value of data. Other traditionally non-digital sectors, like the auto industry, oil and gas, and agriculture are turning to managing data as a necessity to keep their technology competitive and their companies in business.

The Machine Learning - Applications category leads the sector in IPOs (4 companies), while the Computer Vision - Applications category leads the sector in acquisitions (22 companies). Both 2013 and 2015 lead the sector in IPOs (2 companies for each year), while 2014 leads the sector in acquisitions (17 companies). We are currently tracking 1185 Artificial Intelligence companies in 13 categories across 71 countries, with a total of 7.3 Billion in funding. Click here to see the full Artificial Intelligence landscape report and data.

Over the years, Alphabet and Facebook have invested in everything from walking dog robots to autonomous high altitude wind turbine planes. While not always directly related to their core business, these investments provide an outlet for generous cash flows and could open up future business opportunities. At the very least, crazy science projects generate buzz for the company, which certainly doesn't hurt. However, these two aren't the only tech companies that invest heavily in far-off scientific endeavors in hopes of big payoffs. Microsoft (NASDAQ:MSFT) employs hundreds of scientists through the powerful entity known as Microsoft Research, which has contributed to nearly every product sold by the company in the last several decades.

When it was first announced to a sceptical tech press months after a flop phone, the Echo was dismissed separately as a joke and a privacy nightmare. Now the latter may still prove to be the case (the Echo is always listening, and logs every sentence spoken to it), but a joke it is clearly not. In fact many analysts now believe that Amazon has one hand on the future that comes after the smartphone. Alexa is not the only, or even the first, voice-activated virtual assistant – Apple, Google and Microsoft have had their own for years – but it is the first that consumers have truly embraced. While taking out a smartphone in public and speaking to it – as one must with Apple's Siri or Google's Assistant – is awkward, and often slower than simply using a touchscreen, talking to a device in the comfort of one's own home is decidedly less uncomfortable.

Marketers will need to transform from campaigns to real-time, continuous interaction with customers via intelligent agents. So says Forrester Research VP and Principal Analyst Brian Hopkins, co-author (with Adam Silverman) of a new Forrester Research report, The Top Emerging Technologies to Watch: 2017 to 2021 ( 499 for individual purchase). It's about the top 15 developing technologies that will help businesses become more customer-obsessed over the next years. Forrester is obsessed with customer-obsession, which it says is essential to a modern brand and which is characterized by several key principles. According to the research firm, such a customer-focused company is led by insights from and about customers, responds quickly and is thoroughly connected everywhere. The report chose 15 technologies for their impact on companies employing these principles.

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A joint UT Austin/Cornell team has taught a machine learning system based on the free/open Torch library to correctly guess the content of pixellated or blurred redactions with high accuracy: for masked faces that humans correctly guess 0.19% of the time, the system can make a correct guess 83% of the time, when given five tries. Redaction errors have plagued data-releases since the earliest days of the net; who can forget the hilarity of companies and agencies that added black boxes in an overlay to their PDFs, or left Word's document history (including all the deleted passages) intact on their sensitive releases? Or the pedophile whose twirly-faced redaction was de-twirled to catch and prosecute him? These days, the best practice seems to be opening the images in a bitmap editor, then replacing them with black squares. "We're using this off-the-shelf, poor man's approach," says Vitaly Shmatikov, co-author of the paper and professor at Cornell.