Many decision in clinical science and epidemiology -- estimating probability of technical success for a clinical trial, assessing comparative effectiveness of two therapies, imputing a placebo effect onto natural history data -- rely on combining sources of information about a clinical cohort that comes from different kinds of studies. Specifically we contrast patient-level sources that provide granular pictures of individual disease course (clinical trial, registries, or electronic health records) with aggregate sources such as published clinical trial results and the TFLs (tables figures and listings). One strategy for combining aggregate with patient-level data sources is to bring each into a common format for a unified analysis. If one wants to maintain the analytic flexibility of patient-level data, then a natural solution is to convert the aggregate data information into a simulated patient-level dataset that recapitulate those aggregate statistics. This is an under-determined inverse problem in that there are many such datasets, and it cannot be well specified without further constraints. FRESH(Fusion of Recent Evidence with Subject Histories) provides a well-defined method for solving this problem, and therefore providing maximal analytic flexibility.

Why does Amazon have no Western rivals? Vitamins, repair tape and a jar of mango chutney - just some of what my household bought last month via Amazon's sprawling online shopping platform. We also shopped at the company's supermarket chain Whole Foods, streamed its TV shows, read books on Kindle e-readers, and browsed countless websites no doubt powered by Amazon Web Services (AWS), its highly profitable cloud-computing business. And that isn't half of the interconnected products and services offered by the global behemoth, which earlier this year overtook US superstore giant Walmart to become the world's largest company by annual sales. But why does Amazon, launched by Jeff Bezos in 1995 as an online bookstore out of a rented garage, have so few serious rivals in the West when it comes to e-commerce?

What would make the UK a better place to live? People across the UK are being urged to share their vision for how their community and country's future should look, as part of a major new research project. The National Conversation is being launched with voice notes submitted by high-profile figures, including former footballer Gary Lineker, Chief Rabbi Sir Ephraim Mirvis, and broadcaster Mariella Frostrup. Participants will be asked to complete a survey carried out by researchers from the University of Oxford and leave a 60-second voice note. AI models will then be used to analyse thousands of responses to map what could bring us together.

Inside the'kill-zone' on Ukraine's front line, where new weapons have transformed war After 225 days stuck in a front-line foxhole, the Ukrainian infantryman's muscles were so weak he could barely walk. His commanders had tried five times to swap him with another soldier - but they could never reach him. Rotating soldiers on the front line in eastern Ukraine is extremely difficult because of the constant threat of drones. This area near Kostyantynivka is currently one of the most dangerous hotspots and the Ukrainian military admits that Russian forces have reached its outskirts. Known as Kenya, the infantryman took two days to walk 11km (6.8 miles) to get back to his brigade, avoiding mines and hiding from drones to get out.

ISIS shadow commander Abu-Bilal al-Minuki was killed in a precision strike in Nigeria after human intelligence penetrated defenses that had shielded him for years, analyst says.

Bulgarian pop star Dara was met by a crowd of fans in Sofia airport on Sunday, celebrating her historic Eurovision win. The 27-year-old's tune Bangaranga won Bulgaria its first ever title in the song contest. Thank you for being here, she told fans as she arrived in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia, before adding I cannot wait to dip my toes in this atmosphere. Russia launched one of the biggest air strikes on Kyiv since the start of the war with several apartment blocks hit. Why is the Princess of Wales in Italy this week?

Nothing to see here: Cowboys quarterback Dak Prescott and his ex's bridesmaid are just friends Can't sleep, Japanese bear-fighting robo-wolves will eat me and a gorilla trade captivates the nation A replica of KITT from'Knight Rider' got a traffic ticket in another state despite being in a museum Jena Sims covers her butt with a bow at the SI Swimsuit party, the NFL saves us from Romo & is Star Wars dead? Taylor Sheridan shocks'Yellowstone' fans with new spinoff series, provides viewers with dark ride Early reviews for new'Star Wars' movie are generally horrific, but does anyone even care at this point? Retired Navy admiral makes bombshell claim about UFOs and'non-human intelligence' controlling them Mother's Day chaos at a steakhouse includes knives thrown at waiters and a touching mother-daughter arrest Japanese bear-fightin' robo-wolves are pure unleaded nightmare fuel but they're working Jennifer Lopez's dress holds on for dear life at her Netflix event, Trump powers through some wine & Kay Adams Trump warns Iran'clock is ticking' amid Strait of Hormuz tensions Sen. John Kennedy reacts to Bill Cassidy's primary loss in Louisiana Peter Doocy gives BEHIND-THE-SCENES look at Trump's China visit Speaker Johnson says Trump admin'laid the groundwork' for new China deal Sen. Bill Cassidy ousted in Louisiana primary by Trump-backed opponent Donald Trump rejects Xi Jinping's offer on Iran conflict Senate Republicans narrowly block Democrats' effort to end Iran conflict Cignetti reflected on his time at Alabama under Nick Saban, describing the intensity of a program where every day felt like 4th and 1. Footage from a high-speed chase in Wisconsin earlier this month shows the fleeing driver going airborne and jumping his car over another. It's one of the most insane dashcam videos you'll ever see. The Fond du Lac County Sheriff's Office released the now-viral footage of the arrest, which took place on Saturday morning, May 9. A fleeing driver goes airborne and flies his car over another one during a high-speed police chase in Wisconsin.

Apple's new Siri app will reportedly offer auto-deleting chat options Apple's new Siri app will reportedly offer auto-deleting chat options Apple might have a secret weapon for its revamped Siri that could help it compete against other AI chatbots. Bloomberg's Mark Gurman reported that Apple will introduce a feature that automatically deletes chats, as seen in its Messages app, to the updated Siri. According to Gurman, users will get a Siri setting that toggles between saving chatlogs for 30 days, a year or forever. Gurman added that Apple will also offer an option of whether Siri launches with the context of its previous conversation or starts a completely new chat. However, automatically deleting chatlogs comes with a serious downside. Most LLMs prefer swallowing up as much personal data from chats as possible to enhance its capabilities and better tailor its future responses.

Simone Stolzoff: 'My intolerance of uncertainty was causing so much angst.' Simone Stolzoff: 'My intolerance of uncertainty was causing so much angst.' S imone Stolzoff describes himself as "naturally an uncertain person" inclined to rumination and self-doubt. This tendency benefits him in his work as a journalist, but can otherwise be a double-edged sword. While working for a magazine in New York, Stolzoff was approached about a job at a design firm in San Francisco.

No one wants to hang out with her': Why Meghan and Harry have been ditched by A-list friends as insiders reveal Oprah's merciless snub, why the Clooneys now want nothing to do with them - and how SHE'S the problem Truth about Kate Middleton's past before Prince William... we Americans see this for what it is: KENNEDY I was on track to make $1 million... then I quit my job and moved into an off-grid tiny home with no running water or electricity Professional tasters decide best and worst fast food cheeseburger - do you agree? Hamptons cancer cluster: Rates are spiking in summer enclave of New York's wealthy elite... and doctors think they know the tragic reason why Disturbing trove of images woke Los Angeles mayor Karen Bass doesn't want you to see: Filthy truth is so much worse than people think... Comedian replacing Stephen Colbert appears to take a swipe at his predecessor as he vows to avoid politics and'just be funny' Jordon Hudson blasts double standards over Mike Vrabel and Dianna Russini'affair' scandal: 'What is going on?' I've discovered my'nice' neighbor's dirty secret... what I caught him doing one night was far more disturbing than I realized: DEAR JANE SNL season finale cold open sees ghost of Jeffrey Epstein played by Will Ferrell'haunt' Trump as dark jokes leave viewers shocked Golf star becomes instant fan favorite after stopping to smoke a cigarette with crowd in the middle of the PGA Championship: 'Man of the people' New kind of penis enlargement surgery will add inches, claims the doctor set to offer it... but there is a gruesome detail that may make some think twice I saw a 40-year-old middle-class mom in a psychiatric ward after a single hit of this drug. Her symptoms were terrifying but it's so common now... here's what you must know: DR MAX PEMBERTON US airman returns home to every dog owner's nightmare as he finds his husky DEAD in garage after trusting pet sitter to take care of his beloved companion I'm an exorcist... Here's the chilling encounter that made me believe UFOs are the work of Satan A Catholic priest and exorcist who has encountered demons first-hand has revealed a chilling experience that led him to believe UFOs are actually the work of the devil. Father Carlos Martins, an Ontario-born priest who has performed exorcisms around the world, believes the UFO phenomenon is part of a larger spiritual deception designed to undermine Christianity and cast doubt on the Bible . The priest said a longtime friend who later converted to Christianity once witnessed a gigantic spacecraft hovering silently over a suburban park before it shot away'instantly to the speed of a bullet.'