An antimicrobial therapy consultation system has been developed which utilizes a flexible representation of knowledge. An ability to display reasons for making decisions at the request of the user permits the program to serve a tutorial as well as consultative role. The feasibility of the judgmental rule approach which the program uses has been demonstrated with a limited knowledge base of approximately 100 rules. Its ultimate success as a clinically useful tool depends upon acquisition of additional rules and thus upon co-operation of infectious disease experts willing to improve the program's knowledge base. The techniques for acquisition, representation, and utilization of knowledge, plus considerations of natural language processing, draw upon and contribute to current Artificial Intelligence research.

In recent years many attempts have been made to use the computer as an aid to diagnosis, but little has been done to exploit the potential of computer technology as a more general aid to decision making. We describe the use of the discipline of decision analysis as the basis for an experimental interactive computer program designed to assist the physician in the clinical management of acute oliguric renal failure. The program deals with alternative courses of action, either tests or treatments, for which the potential risks or benefits may be large, and it balances the anticipated risk of a given strategy against the anticipated benefit that it offers the patient. The appraisals of the different courses of action open to the physician are expressed in quantitative terms as expected value. The program has been evaluated by comparing its recommendations to those of experienced nephrologists in 18 simulated cases of acute oliguric renal failure.

Kenneth Mark Colby, 1920 - 2001 Kenneth Colby was born in Waterbury, Connecticut and graduated from Yale in 1941. Two years later he graduated from Yale's School of Medicine. Colby started his career as a professor of computer science at Stanford, and also did some research for the National Institute of Mental Health. It was there that he created Parry in the university's Artificial Intelligence Library. Parry was a chatterbot, and able to have conversations with people.

Kenneth Mark Colby, 1920 - 2001 Kenneth Colby was born in Waterbury, Connecticut and graduated from Yale in 1941. Two years later he graduated from Yale's School of Medicine. Colby started his career as a professor of computer science at Stanford, and also did some research for the National Institute of Mental Health. It was there that he created Parry in the university's Artificial Intelligence Library. Parry was a chatterbot, and able to have conversations with people.

Since 1967 there has again been great interest in chess programming. This paper demonstrates that the structure of today's most successful programs cannot be extended to play Master level chess. Certain basic requirements of a Master player's performance are shown to be outside the performance limits to which a program of this type could be extended. The paper also examines a basic weakness in the tree-searching model approach when applied to situations that cannot be searched to completion. This is the Horizon Effect, which causes unpredictable evaluation errors due to an interaction between the static evaluation function and the rules for search termination. The outline of a model of chess playing that avoids the Horizon Effect and appears extendable to play Master level chess is presented, together with some results already achieved In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California, pp. 77-85

IJCAI S, 23-29.

This paper describes the structure and operation of the Hearsay speech understanding system by the use of a specific example illustrating the various stages of recognition. The system consists of a set of cooperating independent processes, each representing a source of Knowledge. The knowledge is used either to predict what may appear in a given context or to verify hypotheses resulting from a prediction. The structure of the system is illustrated by considering its Operation in a particular task situation: Voice-Chess. The representation and use of various sources of knowledge are outlined. Preliminary results of the reduction in search resulting from the use of various sources of knowledge are given.See also: IEEE Transactions on Computers C-25:427-431.(1976).In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.

At the present stage of research in artificial intelligence , machines are stil l remote from achieving a level of intelligence comparable in complexity to human thought. As computer applications become more sophisticated, however, and thus more influential in human affairs , it becomes increasingly important to understand both the capabilities and limitations of machine Intelligence and its potential impact on society. To this end, the artificial intelligence field was ex­amined in a systematic manner. The study was divided into two parts : (1) Delineation of areas of artificial intelligence, and postulatio " of hypothetical prod­ucts resulting from progress in the field , and (2) A judgmental portion, which involved appli­cations and implications of the products to society . For the latter purpose, a Delphi study was conducted among experts in the artificial intelligence field to solicit their opinion concerning prototype and com­mercial dates for the products, and the possibility and desirability of their applications and implications .In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.

A versatile assembly system, using TV cameras and oomputer-controlled arm and moving table, is described. It makes almple assemblies such aa a peg and rings and a toy car. It separates parts from a heap, recognising them with an overhead camera, then assembles them by feel. It can be instructed to perform a new task with different parte by spending an hour showing it the parts and a day or two programming the assembly manipulations. A hierarchical description of parts, views, outlines etc. is used to construct models, and a structure matching algorithm is used in recognition.Later version appearing in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, pp. 129(1975) (available for a fee).In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.

The design of application of artificia l intelli­gence to a scientific task such as Organic Chemical Synthesis was the topic of a Doctoral Thesis completed in the summer of 197I. Chemical synthesis in practice involves i) the choice of molecule to be synthesized; i i) the formulation and specification of a plan for synthesis (involving a valid reaction pathway leading from commercial or readily available compounds to the target compounds with consideration of feasibility regarding the purposes of synthesis);iii ) the selection of specific individual steps of reaction and their temporal ordering for execution; iv) the exper­imental execution of the synthesis and v) the redesign of syntheses, if necessary, depending upon the exper­imental results. In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.