We describe a recurrent connectionist network, called CONCERT, that uses a set of melodies written in a given style to compose new melodies in that style. CONCERT is an extension of a traditional algorithmic composition technique in which transition tables specify the probability of the next note as a function of previous context. A central ingredient of CONCERT is the use of a psychologically-grounded representation of pitch.

We describe a recurrent connectionist network, called CONCERT, that uses a set of melodies written in a given style to compose new melodies in that style. CONCERT is an extension of a traditional algorithmic composition technique in which transition tables specify the probability of the next note as a function of previous context. A central ingredient of CONCERT is the use of a psychologically-grounded representation of pitch.

We describe a recurrent connectionist network, called CONCERT, that uses a set of melodies written in a given style to compose new melodies in that style. CONCERT is an extension of a traditional algorithmic composition technique inwhich transition tables specify the probability of the next note as a function of previous context. A central ingredient of CONCERT is the use of a psychologically-grounded representation of pitch.

Commentators on AI converge on two goals they believe define the field: (1) to better understand the mind by specifying computational models and (2) to construct computer systems that perform actions traditionally regarded as mental. We should recognize that AI has a third, hidden, more basic aim; that the first two goals are special cases of the third; and that the actual technical substance of AI concerns only this more basic aim. This third aim is to establish new computation-based representational media, media in which human intellect can come to express itself with different clarity and force. This article articulates this proposal by showing how the intellectual activity we label AI can be likened in revealing ways to each of five familiar technologies.

This article records the results of an experiment in which a survey of AI and expert systems (ES) literature was attempted using Science Citation Indexes. The survey identified a sample of authors and institutions that have had a significant impact on the historical development of AI and ES. However, it also identified several glaring problems with using Science Citation Indexes as a method of comprehensively studying a body of scientific research. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned against using the results presented here to conclude that author A is a better or worse AI researcher than author B.

Sometimes less ambiguous, are extremely complex.

In the restaurant script, notated as $RESTAURANT, the roles might directly to the United Press International Yale researchers explored intentionality include customer, waitress, and cook; news wire and could skim news One of the earliest programs to the props could be a menu, table, and stories in dozens of different domains, embody goals and plans within the silverware; the locations could be the and produce summaries in several languages. CD paradigm was Jim Meehan's bar, dining area, and kitchen; and the On the DEC-20 (which by TALESPIN, which made up stories events would include arriving, seating, 1978 had replaced the PDP-101, similar to the fables of Aesop.

In order for next-generation expert systems to demonstrate the performance, robustness, flexibility, and learning ability of human experts, they will have to be based on cognitive models of expert human reasoning and learning. We call such next-generation systems cognitive expert systems. Research at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Connecticut is directed toward understanding the principles underlying cognitive expert systems and developing computer programs embodying those principles. The Causal Model Acquisition System (CMACS) learns causal models of physical mechanisms by understanding real-world natural language explanations of those mechanisms. The going Concern Expert ( GCX) uses business and environmental knowledge to assess whether a company will remain in business for at least the following year. The Business Information System (BIS) acquires business and environmental knowledge from in-depth reading of real-world news stories. These systems are based on theories of expert human reasoning and learning, and thus represent steps toward next-generation cognitive expert systems.

In 1940, a 20-year-old science fiction fan from Brooklyn found that he was growing tired of stories that endlessly repeated the myths of Frankenstein and Faust: Robots were created and destroyed their creator; robots were created and destroyed their creator; robots were created and destroyed their creator-ad nauseum. So he began writing robot stories of his own. "[They were] robot stories of a new variety," he recalls. "Never, never was one of my robots to turn stupidly on his creator for no purpose but to demonstrate, for one more weary time, the crime and punishment of Faust. My robots were machines designed by engineers, not pseudo-men created by blasphemers. My robots reacted along the rational lines that existed in their'brains' from the moment of construction. " In particular, he imagined that each robot's artificial brain would be imprinted with three engineering safeguards, three Laws of Robotics: 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law. The young writer's name, of course, was Isaac Asimov (1964), and the robot stories he began writing that year have become classics of science fiction, the standards by which others are judged. Indeed, because of Asimov one almost never reads about robots turning mindlessly on their masters anymore. But the legends of Frankenstein and Faust are subtle ones, and as the world knows too well, engineering rationality is not always the same thing as wisdom. M Mitchell Waldrop is a reporter for Science Magazine, 1333 H Street N.W., Washington D C. 2COO5. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

Tsukuba Expo '85 is huge, interesting, and fun. The Japanese pavilions are plush and well -organized and contain some impressive artificial intelligence demonstrations. The U.S. pavilion is an embarrassment.