Creativity is sometimes taken to be an inexplicable aspect of human activity. By summarizing a considerable body of literature on creativity, I hope to show how to turn some of the best ideas about creativity into programs that are demonstrably more creative than any we have seen to date. I believe the key to building more creative programs is to give them the ability to reflect on and modify their own frameworks and criteria. That is, I believe that the key to creativity is at the metalevel.

Model Predictive Control was developed in the late 70's and came into widespread use, particularly in the refining industry, in the 80's. The economic benefit of this approach to control has been documented [1,2].

Model Predictive Control was developed in the late 70's and came into widespread use, particularly in the refining industry, in the 80's. The economic benefit of this approach to control has been documented [1,2] .

CHEMREG is a large knowledge-based system used by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., to support compliance with regulatory requirements for communicating health and safety information in the shipping and handling of chemical products. This article concentrates on one of the knowledge bases in this system: the case-based reasoner. The case-based reasoner addresses the issue of how proper communication of public health and safety information can be ensured while rapid and cost-effective product evaluation is allowed in the absence of actual hazard testing of the product. CHEMREG generates estimates of hazard data for new products from similar products using an existing relational database as a case library.

CHEMREG is a large knowledge-based system used by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., to support compliance with regulatory requirements for communicating health and safety information in the shipping and handling of chemical products. This article concentrates on one of the knowledge bases in this system: the case-based reasoner. The case-based reasoner addresses the issue of how proper communication of public health and safety information can be ensured while rapid and cost-effective product evaluation is allowed in the absence of actual hazard testing of the product. CHEMREG generates estimates of hazard data for new products from similar products using an existing relational database as a case library. Implementation of the case-based reasoner in rules and objects using a commercial knowledge-based system shell is described. Although some refinements remain, the performance of the case-based reasoner has met its design goals.

Busey Bank (Champaign, Ill.) is using intelligent-agent technology to launch its Lloyds Bowmaker Motor Finance (Petersfield, U.K.) has implemented a The Philadelphia Stock Exchange care products, has developed a rulebased neural network-based system for credit (Philadelphia, Pa.) has adopted an multinational order-entry and scoring new loan applications. The company is system helps Lloyds determine whether increase the reliability and scalability using the system to process orders to accept a loan and gives the reasons of network-supported options-trading from its network of more than for its choice. The system uses an electronic facilities. The software will permit installed a rule-based expert system to camera to image the front face of letters, team members in different geographic manage the complexity of producing identify the destination address, locations to explore similar multisensory more than 20,000 new designs and and determine its delivery-point bar environments both independently 2.4 billion greeting cards annually. The company has completely reengineered its operation, converting an Telecommunications providers MCI Healthcare software developer HBO & antiquated job-shop operation into a (Washington, D.C.) and BT (London, Company (Atlanta, Ga.) is developing state-of-the-art cellular one.

Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases have been attracting a significant amount of research, industry, and media attention of late. What is all the excitement about? This article provides an overview of this emerging field, clarifying how data mining and knowledge discovery in databases are related both to each other and to related fields, such as machine learning, statistics, and databases. The article mentions particular real-world applications, specific data-mining techniques, challenges involved in real-world applications of knowledge discovery, and current and future research directions in the field.

's central purpose is to find the most The use of composite materials, Composite part fabrication requires two especially in aerospace applications, is on the major steps: layup and curing. Layup is the increase because of their unique weight and painstaking process in which multiple layers strength qualities. Depending on the orientation of graphite and fiberglass composite material of the graphite fibers, a part can be are fitted by hand on the exterior of a contoured extremely flexible in one direction but rigid mold. In addition, a part made from takes from two to seven days, depending on composite material is both lighter and the size of the mold and the skill of the technician. The increased use of In the second step, curing, the molded graphite parts, as well as the high cost of a composite material is hardened by pressurized spoiled part (as much as $50,000 for a single heating in a large convection autoclave.

Training classifiers on large databases is computationally demanding. It is desirable to develop efficient procedures for a reliable prediction of a classifier's suitability for implementing a given task, so that resources can be assigned to the most promising candidates or freed for exploring new classifier candidates. We propose such a practical and principled predictive method. Practical because it avoids the costly procedure of training poor classifiers on the whole training set, and principled because of its theoretical foundation. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated for both single-and multi-layer networks.

Classification is widely used in the animal kingdom. Identifying an item as food is classification. Assigning words to objects, actions, feelings, and situations is classification. The purpose of this work is to introduce a new neural network, the Binary Diamond, which can be used as a general purpose classification tool. The design and operational mode of the Binary Diamond are influenced by observations of the underlying mechanisms that take place in human classification processes.