Originally published on Towards AI. With ChatGPT blowing the internet, we are at a critical juncture that demands us to again ask hard questions about the impact of AI models on society, a conversation that starts but never ends. In this article, I aim to bring attention to the importance of knowing that, even though large AI models are impressive, there are often unacknowledged costs behind them. It is like saying " data is the new oil" to describe its value, but this analogy often ignores the costs of the oil and mining industries. To understand what AI is made from, we need to leave Silicon Valley and go to the place where the stuff for the AI industry is made. The term "artificial intelligence" may evoke the ideas of algorithms and data, but it is powered by the rare earth's minerals and resources that make up the computing components [1].

Fault detection and diagnosis is significant for reducing maintenance costs and improving health and safety in chemical processes. Convolution neural network (CNN) is a popular deep learning algorithm with many successful applications in chemical fault detection and diagnosis tasks. However, convolution layers in CNN are very sensitive to the order of features, which can lead to instability in the processing of tabular data. Optimal order of features result in better performance of CNN models but it is expensive to seek such optimal order. In addition, because of the encapsulation mechanism of feature extraction, most CNN models are opaque and have poor interpretability, thus failing to identify root-cause features without human supervision. These difficulties inevitably limit the performance and credibility of CNN methods. In this paper, we propose an order-invariant and interpretable hierarchical dilated convolution neural network (HDLCNN), which is composed by feature clustering, dilated convolution and the shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. The novelty of HDLCNN lies in its capability of processing tabular data with features of arbitrary order without seeking the optimal order, due to the ability to agglomerate correlated features of feature clustering and the large receptive field of dilated convolution. Then, the proposed method provides interpretability by including the SHAP values to quantify feature contribution. Therefore, the root-cause features can be identified as the features with the highest contribution. Computational experiments are conducted on the Tennessee Eastman chemical process benchmark dataset. Compared with the other methods, the proposed HDLCNN-SHAP method achieves better performance on processing tabular data with features of arbitrary order, detecting faults, and identifying the root-cause features.

Artificial Intelligence is shaping how businesses work and enhancing their capacity to thrive smartly. In recent years we have seen many awe-inspiring developments and super useful too. AI is working in almost every industry, such as food, cosmetics, wood, medicine, etc.; we know that every business requires packaging for their products, which defines the value of the packaging manufacturing industry. Keeping this in mind, AI is playing an impressive role in the advancement of the packaging industry too. Artificial intelligence is transforming the way the packaging industry is working.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the construction sector, which is sensitive to economic cycles. In order to boost value and efficiency in this sector, the use of innovative exploration technologies such as ultrasonic and Artificial Intelligence techniques in building material research is becoming increasingly crucial. In this study, we developed two models for predicting the Los Angeles (LA) and Micro Deval (MDE) coefficients, two important geotechnical tests used to determine the quality of rock aggregates. These coefficients describe the resistance of aggregates to fragmentation and abrasion. The ultrasound velocity, porosity, and density of the rocks were determined and used as inputs to develop prediction models using multiple regression and an artificial neural network. These models may be used to assess the quality of rock aggregates at the exploration stage without the need for tedious laboratory analysis.

Automatic crack detection and segmentation play a significant role in the whole system of unmanned aerial vehicle inspections. In this paper, we have implemented a deep learning framework for crack detection based on classical network architectures including Alexnet, VGG, and Resnet. Moreover, inspired by the feature pyramid network architecture, a hierarchical convolutional neural network (CNN) deep learning framework which is efficient in crack segmentation is also proposed, and its performance of it is compared with other state-of-the-art network architecture. We have summarized the existing crack detection and segmentation datasets and established the largest existing benchmark dataset on the internet for crack detection and segmentation, which is open-sourced for the research community. Our feature pyramid crack segmentation network is tested on the benchmark dataset and gives satisfactory segmentation results. A framework for automatic unmanned aerial vehicle inspections is also proposed and will be established for the crack inspection tasks of various concrete structures. All our self-established datasets and codes are open-sourced at: https://github.com/KangchengLiu/Crack-Detection-and-Segmentation-Dataset-for-UAV-Inspection

Hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) is the paradigm of industrial safety that can reveal the hazards of process from its node deviations, consequences, causes, measures and suggestions, and such hazards can be considered as hazard events (HaE). The classification research on HaE has much irreplaceable pragmatic values. In this paper, we present a novel deep learning model termed DLF through multifractal to explore HaE classification where the motivation is that HaE can be naturally regarded as a kind of time series. Specifically, first HaE is vectorized to get HaE time series by employing BERT. Then, a new multifractal analysis method termed HmF-DFA is proposed to win HaE fractal series by analyzing HaE time series. Finally, a new hierarchical gating neural network (HGNN) is designed to process HaE fractal series to accomplish the classification of HaE from three aspects: severity, possibility and risk. We take HAZOP reports of 18 processes as cases, and launch the experiments on this basis. Results demonstrate that compared with other classifiers, DLF classifier performs better under metrics of precision, recall and F1-score, especially for the severity aspect. Also, HmF-DFA and HGNN effectively promote HaE classification. Our HaE classification system can serve application incentives to experts, engineers, employees, and other enterprises. We hope our research can contribute added support to the daily practice in industrial safety.

With the ever-increasing availability of data, there has been an explosion of interest in applying modern machine learning methods to fields such as modeling and control. However, despite the flexibility and surprising accuracy of such black-box models, it remains difficult to trust them. Recent efforts to combine the two approaches aim to develop flexible models that nonetheless generalize well; a paradigm we call Hybrid Analysis and modeling (HAM). In this work we investigate the Corrective Source Term Approach (CoSTA), which uses a data-driven model to correct a misspecified physics-based model. This enables us to develop models that make accurate predictions even when the underlying physics of the problem is not well understood. We apply CoSTA to model the Hall-H\'eroult process in an aluminum electrolysis cell. We demonstrate that the method improves both accuracy and predictive stability, yielding an overall more trustworthy model.

Released in December as a web app by the San Francisco–based firm OpenAI, the chatbot exploded into the mainstream almost overnight. According to some estimates, it is the fastest-growing internet service ever, reaching 100 million users just two months after launch. Through OpenAI's $10 billion deal with Microsoft, the tech is now being built into Office software and the Bing search engine. Stung into action by its newly awakened onetime rival in the battle for search, Google is fast-tracking the rollout of its own chatbot, LaMDA. But OpenAI's breakout hit did not come out of nowhere.

Syngenta Seeds is one of the world's largest developers and producers of seed for farmers, commercial growers, retailers and small seed companies. Syngenta seeds improve the quality and yields of crops. High-quality seeds ensure better and more productive crops, which is why farmers invest in them. Advanced seeds help mitigate risks such as disease and drought and allow farmers to grow food using less land, less water and fewer inputs. Syngenta Seeds brings farmers more vigorous, stronger, resistant plants, including innovative hybrid varieties and biotech crops that can thrive even in challenging growing conditions.

Crop management involves a series of critical, interdependent decisions or actions in a complex and highly uncertain environment, which exhibit distinct spatial and temporal variations. Managing resource inputs such as fertilizer and irrigation in the face of climate change, dwindling supply, and soaring prices is nothing short of a Herculean task. The ability of machine learning to efficiently interrogate complex, nonlinear, and high-dimensional datasets can revolutionize decision-making in agriculture. In this paper, we introduce a reinforcement learning (RL) environment that leverages the dynamics in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and enables management practices to be assessed and evaluated on a watershed level. This drastically saves time and resources that would have been otherwise deployed during a full-growing season. We consider crop management as an optimization problem where the objective is to produce higher crop yield while minimizing the use of external farming inputs (specifically, fertilizer and irrigation amounts). The problem is naturally subject to environmental factors such as precipitation, solar radiation, temperature, and soil water content. We demonstrate the utility of our framework by developing and benchmarking various decision-making agents following management strategies informed by standard farming practices and state-of-the-art RL algorithms.