As the third industrial revolution - led by software - continues to gather steam, world leaders are predicting our entrance into the fourth industrial revolution. Can you guess what is leading it? We all dreamed of the day when robots would effortlessly takeover our mundane chores like doing the dishes, but the truth is that AI can already do more than that. AI is already driving cars, making art, beating humans at Go...and will soon take over your job! Forget science fiction, AI is already here and it is so close to getting so much bigger that governments are starting to prepare for this Tsunami. The White House recently released a report that highlighted staggering numbers for the job market due to AI.

Partition functions of probability distributions are important quantities for model evaluation and comparisons. We present a new method to compute partition functions of complex and multimodal distributions. Such distributions are often sampled using simulated tempering, which augments the target space with an auxiliary inverse temperature variable. Our method exploits the multinomial probability law of the inverse temperatures, and provides estimates of the partition function in terms of a simple quotient of Rao-Blackwellized marginal inverse temperature probability estimates, which are updated while sampling. We show that the method has interesting connections with several alternative popular methods, and offers some significant advantages. In particular, we empirically find that the new method provides more accurate estimates than Annealed Importance Sampling when calculating partition functions of large Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM); moreover, the method is sufficiently accurate to track training and validation log-likelihoods during learning of RBMs, at minimal computational cost.

The race is on for artificial intelligence in cybersecurity, empowering computer solutions with the ability to understand threats and respond immediately to them without (or with reduced) human intervention. Will it will survive the hype? A lot depends on how well the cybersecurity industry draws on the lessons we learned in trying to implement artificial intelligence in legal applications. IBM recently announced its foray into the cybersecurity–artificial intelligence arena using its flagship technology Watson. Watson has famously demonstrated its remarkable versatility already; so far it is has won the game show Jeopardy against two former champions and released its own cookbook (admittedly with mixed success from those who have tried the recipes). While it is a remarkable piece of technology, that doesn't necessarily equate to success in cybersecurity.

The US government is set to deploy two radiation-detecting drones at the former'Nevada Test Site' to test new sensing capabilities that could help in future nuclear disasters. The'Sandstorm' unmanned aircraft will be used for remote radiation sensing and environmental monitoring, along with other security applications. Researchers are now working to expand the sensor technology for unmanned aerial systems, and they expect the Sandstorm drones to begin tests in the fall. The'Sandstorm' unmanned aircraft, above, will be used for remote radiation sensing and environmental monitoring, along with other security applications. The drones were purchased from Unmanned Systems Inc (USI).

French police have raided Google's Paris office as part of an investigation into the company's tax affairs. The raid began at 5 a.m. Tuesday, Paris time, according to local newspaper Le Parisien, and involved five public prosecutors, 25 computer experts, and investigators from the French tax office and the Central Office for the Prevention of Corruption and Financial and Tax Crimes (OCLCIFF), the public prosecutors' office told local media. French prosecutors began investigating Google's finances last June, following allegations from the tax authorities that the company was involved in serious tax fraud. Tax officials in other European countries are concerned about the resulting loss in tax revenue.

Just how worried should we be about killer robots? To go by the opinions of a highly regarded group of scholars, including Stephen Hawking, Max Tegmark, Franz Wilczek, and Stuart Russell, we should be wary of the prospect of artificial intelligence rebelling against its makers. "One can imagine (AI) outsmarting financial markets, out-inventing human researchers, out-manipulating human leaders, and developing weapons we cannot even understand," Hawking wrote in a 2014 article for The Independent. "Whereas the short-term impact of AI depends on who controls it, the long-term impact depends on whether it can be controlled at all." The fear that our irresponsible creations might bring about the end of humanity is a common one.

Pakistan's Interior Minister, Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan, says authorities will perform DNA tests on the body of a man who was killed in an American drone strike to determine whether the slain man is actually Taliban chief Mullah Mohammed Akhtar Mansour.

Many people find recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) quite alarming. Indeed, luminaries, ranging from Nobel laureate Stephen Hawking to technology pioneers Elon Musk and Bill Gates, have warned that artificial intelligence technology might be more dangerous to humankind than the atomic bomb. Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrum has argued that an "intelligence explosion" may lead to the extinction of humanity at the hands of rampant robots. These arguments distract us from the large and more imminent threat -- seismic loss of jobs, surging unemployment, and potentially calamitous social strife. This week, when the White House launches a sequence of workshops studying the future of AI, they should focus on the real dangers, not imaginary ones.

On Tuesday, IBM announced that Watson, its cognitive computing system (and former Jeopardy champion), will be spending the next year training for a new job--fighting cybercrime. Watson for Cyber Security is a cloud-based version of IBM's cognitive computing tools that will be the result of a one-year-long research project that is starting in the fall. Students and faculty from eight universities will participate in the research and train Watson to better understand how to detect potential threats. Like many other cognitive systems, Watson learns by digesting large amounts of information. Essentially, the students will train Watson "by annotating and feeding the system security reports and data," according to an IBM press release.

Visit Singularity Hub for the latest from the frontiers of manufacturing and technology as we bring you coverage of Singularity University's Exponential Manufacturing conference. If you've been staying on top of artificial intelligence news lately, you may know that the games of chess and Go were two of the grand challenges for AI. But do you know what the equivalent is for robotics? Just think about how the game requires razor sharp perception and movement, a tall order for a machine. As entertaining as human vs. robot games can be, what they actually demonstrate is much more important.