The development of new scientific concepts today is an outcome of the accumulated knowledge built over time. Every scientific domain requires understanding of the trends of the dependencies between its subdomains. Analyses of trends to capture such dependencies using conventional document modeling techniques is a challenging task due to two reasons: (1) conventional vector-space modeling based representation of documents does not realize the history of the content, and (2) neither feature-level nor document-level causality is provided with any digital library metadata or citation network. In this paper, we propose an intuitive temporal representation of a scientific article that encodes inherent historic characteristics of the content. This intuitive representation of each document is then leveraged to discover causal relationships between scientific articles. In addition, we provide a mechanism to explore the lineage of each document in terms of other previously published documents, which illustrates how the theme of the document under analysis evolved over time. Empirical studies reported in the paper show that the proposed technique identifies meaningful causal relationships and discovers meaningful lineage in the scientific literature that could not be discovered through the citation network of the articles.

An effective approach to solving problems involving mixed (continuous and discrete) variables and constraints, such as hybrid systems, is to decompose them into subproblems and integrate dedicated solvers geared toward those subproblems. Here, we introduce a new framework based on a tree search algorithm to solve hybrid discrete-continuous problems that incorporates: (1) a quantum annealer that samples from the configuration space for the discrete portion and provides information about the quality of the samples, and (2) a classical computer that makes use of information from the quantum annealer to prune and focus the search as well as check a continuous constraint. We consider four variants of our algorithm, each with progressively more guidance from the results provided by the quantum annealer. We empirically test our algorithm and compare the variants on a simplified Mars Lander task scheduling problem. Variants with more guidance from the quantum annealer have better performance.

Staying up to date with the latest discoveries is a challenge in any scientific field. In planetary science, new observation targets on the surface of Mars are identified and named every day, and new publications announcing new discoveries and conclusions provide frequent updates about these targets. We are constructing a system that uses information extraction and retrieval methods to mine the steadily growing body of planetary science publications about Mars surface targets and automatically construct a concise summary of what is known about each target. The Mars Target Encyclopedia will provide a central, continually updated resource for use by planetary scientists and the interested public. We describe our use of Tika, Sundance, and AutoSlog to extract and summarize information, some of the challenges associated with this domain, and our plans for maturing the system.

While it is empirically confirmed folklore that conjunctive normal form (CNF) is not the ideal input format for QBF solvers, most tool developers and therefore also the users focus on formulas in this restricted structure. One important factor for establishing non-CNF solving is the input format. To overcome drawbacks of available formats, the QCIR format has recently been presented. The QCIR format is a circuit-based input format for quantified Boolean formulas which supports structure sharing. In contrast to previous formats, the representation is very compact, yet still easy to parse and to read for the human user. In this paper, we analyze the QCIR format in detail and provide tools and benchmarks which, we hope, will make its usage attractive and motivate tool developers to support this format as well as users to formulate their encodings in this format.

Selecting homes with energy-efficient infrastructure is important for renters, because infrastructure influences energy consumption more than in-home behavior.Personalized energy estimates can guide prospective tenants toward energy-efficient homes, but this information is not readily available. Utility estimates are not typically offered to house-hunters, and existing technologies like carbon calculators require users to answer (prohibitively) many questions that may require considerable research to answer. For the task of providing personalized utility estimates to prospective tenants, we present a cost-based model for feature selection at training time, where all features are available and costs assigned to each feature reflect the difficulty of acquisition. At test time, we have immediate access to some features but others are difficult to acquire (costly). In this limited-information setting, we strategically order questions we ask each user, tailored to previous information provided, to give the most accurate predictions while minimizing the cost to users. During the critical first 10 questions that our approach selects, prediction accuracy improves equally to fixed order approaches, but prediction certainty is higher.

Microsoft today announced that it is making it easier for developers to use its Computational Network Toolkit (CNTK) to build their own deep learning applications. The company first open sourced this toolkit in April 2015, but at the time, it was hosted on Microsoft's own CodePlex site and was only available under a restrictive academic license. Now, the team is moving the project to GitHub and to the MIT open source license. CNTK is an open-source deep-learning toolkit that became available back in April 2015. However, when it was still on CodePlex, it was restricted by an academic license, which means that it was virtually unused beyond scholarly use.

NATO-led mission in Afghanistan has confirmed that the US military will investigate into the US drone strikes in southeastern Afghanistan that killed 17 people last week. Brigadier General Charles Cleveland, spokesman for the US-led coalition, told Al Jazeera on Monday, that they will conduct an investigation into the air strikes carried out in the Paktika province. "Currently there is no evidence of civilian casualties, however, we are conducting a thorough investigation into the strikes," Cleveland, who is part of the Operation Resolute Support, said. Relatives and tribal elders demanded for an investigation on Saturday claiming that the air raids hit civilians, not members of armed groups. However, Afghan officials told Al Jazeera that the people killed in the attack had links to the Taliban.

Nobody wants a robot apocalypse. From the mechanical worker's revolt in R.U.R. (the play that gave us the word "robot") to the bleak, nuke-scarred hellscapes of the Terminator and Matrix films, the idea of humanity destroyed by tools of its own creation is compelling, if still the domain of fiction. To keep the apocalypse firmly in the realm of the speculative, today the International Committee of the Red Cross released an unusual statement for a humanitarian group: "Decisions to kill and destroy are a human responsibility." The Red Cross isn't encouraging human decisions to kill and destroy. Instead, it's arguing that if such decisions are going to be made (and little in human history suggests they won't be), then it's really important that it is actual humans with that authority and power, not lethal autonomous weapon systems.

Nasa has announced that it has found evidence of flowing water on Mars. Scientists have long speculated that Recurring Slope Lineae -- or dark patches -- on Mars were made up of briny water but the new findings prove that those patches are caused by liquid water, which it has established by finding hydrated salts. Several hundred camped outside the London store in Covent Garden. The 6s will have new features like a vastly improved camera and a pressure-sensitive "3D Touch" display

Twenty six hundred years ago, a band of Judahite soldiers kept watch on their kingdom's southern border in the final days before Jerusalem was sacked by Nebuchadnezzar. They left behind numerous inscriptions--and now, a groundbreaking digital analysis has revealed how many writers penned them. The research and innovative technology behind it stand to teach us about the origins of the Bible itself. "It's well understood that the Bible was not composed in real time but was probably written and edited later," Arie Shaus, a mathematician at Tel Aviv University told Gizmodo. "The question is, when exactly?" Shaus is one of several mathematicians and archaeologists trying to broach that question in a radical manner: by using machine learning tools to determine how many people were literate in ancient times.