According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 50 million adults in the U.S. suffered from chronic pain in 2016, and according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), an estimated 10.3 million people in the U.S. ages 12 and older misused opioids in 2018. As such, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have announced the awarding of $945 million in research grants to tackle the national opioid crisis through NIH HEAL Initiative (Helping to End Addiction Long-term Initiative). The UC San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging is pleased to announce that one such project is the Back Pain Consortium (BACPAC) Research Program of which Sharmila Majumdar, PhD, vice chair for Research, is a part of. At this time, chronic low back pain is one of the most common forms of chronic pain in adults, and current treatments are ineffective, leading to increased use of opioids. This research will also lay the foundation for NIH funded research at the newly established Center for Intelligent Imaging, using artificial intelligence fueled algorithms for fast image acquisition, data analysis, quantitative sensory assessments, brain imaging, and biomechanical evaluation of the spine.

On a recent afternoon at the NVIDIA robotics research lab in Seattle's University District, researchers use a simulated kitchen to test robots' ability to perform simple tasks such as grabbing objects. A 5-feet 7-inch tall white robot, basically a spindly arm affixed with a claw of the sort customarily found in an arcade vending machine, glided around the kitchen on its two Segway wheels. Following the command of a research scientist sitting at a nearby computer, the robot grabbed a Cheez-It box on the counter and extended its limb to gently place the snacks inside a cabinet. "What's deceptive is that what's simple to us in the kitchen is challenging for a robot," said University of Washington Computer Science and Engineering Professor Dieter Fox, who also serves as the lab's senior director of robotics research. The Silicon Valley-based technology company opened the robotics lab last fall to harness the UW's talent in a sector where Seattle plays a central role. Still, paranoia around the capabilities of AI technology persist.

The governmenbt of Australia is subsidizing the study of responsible, ethical, and inclusive autonomous decision-making technologies. The Australian government is providing AU$31.8 million to the Australian Research Council to study responsible, ethical, and inclusive autonomous decision-making technologies. The Center of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society, which will be based at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), will house researchers who will work with experts from seven other Australian universities, as well as 22 academic and industry partner organizations in Australia, Europe, Asia, and the U.S. The global research project aims to ensure machine learning and decision-making technologies can be used safely and ethically. Said RMIT researcher Julian Thomas, "Working with international partners and industry, the research will help Australians gain the full benefits of these new technologies, from better mobility, to improving our responses to humanitarian emergencies."

Adversarial representation learning is a promising paradigm for obtaining data representations that are invariant to certain sensitive attributes while retaining the information necessary for predicting target attributes. Existing approaches solve this problem through iterative adversarial minimax optimization and lack theoretical guarantees. In this paper, we first study the "linear" form of this problem i.e., the setting where all the players are linear functions. We show that the resulting optimization problem is both non-convex and non-differentiable. We obtain an exact closed-form expression for its global optima through spectral learning and provide performance guarantees in terms of analytical bounds on the achievable utility and invariance. We then extend this solution and analysis to non-linear functions through kernel representation. Numerical experiments on UCI, Extended Yale B and CIFAR-100 datasets indicate that, (a) practically, our solution is ideal for "imparting" provable invariance to any biased pre-trained data representation, and (b) empirically, the trade-off between utility and invariance provided by our solution is comparable to iterative minimax optimization of existing deep neural network based approaches. Code is available at https://github.com/human-analysis/Kernel-ARL

A common statistical problem in econometrics is to estimate the impact of a treatment on a treated unit given a control sample with untreated outcomes. Here we develop a generative learning approach to this problem, learning the probability distribution of the data, which can be used for downstream tasks such as post-treatment counterfactual prediction and hypothesis testing. We use control samples to transform the data to a Gaussian and homoschedastic form and then perform Gaussian process analysis in Fourier space, evaluating the optimal Gaussian kernel via non-parametric power spectrum estimation. We combine this Gaussian prior with the data likelihood given by the pre-treatment data of the single unit, to obtain the synthetic prediction of the unit post-treatment, which minimizes the error variance of synthetic prediction. Given the generative model the minimum variance counterfactual is unique, and comes with an associated error covariance matrix. We extend this basic formalism to include correlations of primary variable with other covariates of interest. Given the probabilistic description of generative model we can compare synthetic data prediction with real data to address the question of whether the treatment had a statistically significant impact. For this purpose we develop a hypothesis testing approach and evaluate the Bayes factor. We apply the method to the well studied example of California (CA) tobacco sales tax of 1988. We also perform a placebo analysis using control states to validate our methodology. Our hypothesis testing method suggests 5.8:1 odds in favor of CA tobacco sales tax having an impact on the tobacco sales, a value that is at least three times higher than any of the 38 control states.

In this paper, we have discussed initial findings and results of our experiment to predict sexual and reproductive health vulnerabilities of migrants in a data-constrained environment. Notwithstanding the limited research and data about migrants and migration cities, we propose a solution that simultaneously focuses on data gathering from migrants, augmenting awareness of the migrants to reduce mishaps, and setting up a mechanism to present insights to the key stakeholders in migration to act upon. We have designed a webapp for the stakeholders involved in migration: migrants, who would participate in data gathering process and can also use the app for getting to know safety and awareness tips based on analysis of the data received; public health workers, who would have an access to the database of migrants on the app; policy makers, who would have a greater understanding of the ground reality, and of the patterns of migration through machine-learned analysis. Finally, we have experimented with different machine learning models on an artificially curated dataset. We have shown, through experiments, how machine learning can assist in predicting the migrants at risk and can also help in identifying the critical factors that make migration dangerous for migrants. The results for identifying vulnerable migrants through machine learning algorithms are statistically significant at an alpha of 0.05.

Central to the concept of multi-domain operations (MDO) is the utilization of an intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) network consisting of overlapping systems of remote and autonomous sensors, and human intelligence, distributed among multiple partners. Realising this concept requires advancement in both artificial intelligence (AI) for improved distributed data analytics and intelligence augmentation (IA) for improved human-machine cognition. The contribution of this paper is threefold: (1) we map the coalition situational understanding (CSU) concept to MDO ISR requirements, paying particular attention to the need for assured and explainable AI to allow robust human-machine decision-making where assets are distributed among multiple partners; (2) we present illustrative vignettes for AI and IA in MDO ISR, including human-machine teaming, dense urban terrain analysis, and enhanced asset interoperability; (3) we appraise the state-of-the-art in explainable AI in relation to the vignettes with a focus on human-machine collaboration to achieve more rapid and agile coalition decision-making. The union of these three elements is intended to show the potential value of a CSU approach in the context of MDO ISR, grounded in three distinct use cases, highlighting how the need for explainability in the multi-partner coalition setting is key. Introduction Multi-domain operations (MDO) require the capacity, capability, and endurance to operate across multiple domains -- from dense urban terrain to space and cyberspace -- in contested environments against near-peer adversaries (U.S. Army 2018).

Across the world, governments are investing in machines that they hope will run their social security systems and other services more cheaply and effectively than humans. The Guardian's Automating Poverty series includes reports from the US, Australia and India as well as the UK. The roles played by technology in these countries are all different. But taken together, the articles reveal how automation, machine learning and artificial intelligence are extending their reach into people's lives through the delivery of public services. As with all automation processes, speed and efficiency provide the rationale.

American industry is in the midst of another revolution. This one is taking us to a place where decisions of many kinds, from when you should go in for a coronary bypass to where your car should turn left, will no longer be made entirely by us; they will be guided by artificial intelligence. That's good news, because artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for improving the health and welfare of much of the planet. But for society to take full advantage of the power of AI, algorithmic outcomes must be fair, and the application of those outcomes must be ethical. So far, efforts to cultivate algorithmic fairness lag far behind the enthusiasm to adopt the technology.

We may listen to facts from Siri or Alexa, or directions from Google Maps or Waze, but would we let a virtual agent enabled by artificial intelligence help mediate conflict among team members? A new study says not just yet. Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC) and the University of Denver created a simulation in which a three-person team was supported by a virtual agent avatar on screen in a mission that was designed to ensure failure and elicit conflict. The study was designed to look at virtual agents as potential mediators to improve team collaboration during conflict mediation. But in the heat of the moment, will we listen to virtual agents?