Infer Genetic Disease From Your Face - DeepGestalt can accurately identify some rare genetic disorders using a photograph of a patient's face. This could lead to payers and employers potentially analyzing facial images and discriminating against individuals who have pre-existing conditions or developing medical complications.

As one of the hottest technologies of recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has started penetrating both the US public and the private sectors--though to differing degrees. While the private sector seems bullish on AI, the public sector's approach appears tempered with more caution--a Deloitte survey of select early adopters of AI shows high concern around the potential risks of AI among public sector organizations (see the sidebar "About the survey"). They give a peek into how public sector organizations are approaching AI; and how the approaches, in many cases, differ from those of their private sector counterparts. AI is not completely new to the public sector. The first AI contract was awarded in 1985 by the US Social Security Administration,1 but the technology still wasn't advanced enough to become common in the following decades.

Deep learning approaches to anomaly detection have recently improved the state of the art in detection performance on complex datasets such as large collections of images or text. These results have sparked a renewed interest in the anomaly detection problem and led to the introduction of a great variety of new methods. With the emergence of numerous such methods, including approaches based on generative models, one-class classification, and reconstruction, there is a growing need to bring methods of this field into a systematic and unified perspective. In this review we aim to identify the common underlying principles as well as the assumptions that are often made implicitly by various methods. In particular, we draw connections between classic 'shallow' and novel deep approaches and show how this relation might cross-fertilize or extend both directions. We further provide an empirical assessment of major existing methods that is enriched by the use of recent explainability techniques, and present specific worked-through examples together with practical advice. Finally, we outline critical open challenges and identify specific paths for future research in anomaly detection.

Traditional linear subspace reduced order models (LS-ROMs) are able to accelerate physical simulations, in which the intrinsic solution space falls into a subspace with a small dimension, i.e., the solution space has a small Kolmogorov n-width. However, for physical phenomena not of this type, e.g., any advection-dominated flow phenomena, such as in traffic flow, atmospheric flows, and air flow over vehicles, a low-dimensional linear subspace poorly approximates the solution. To address cases such as these, we have developed a fast and accurate physics-informed neural network ROM, namely nonlinear manifold ROM (NM-ROM), which can better approximate high-fidelity model solutions with a smaller latent space dimension than the LS-ROMs. Our method takes advantage of the existing numerical methods that are used to solve the corresponding full order models. The efficiency is achieved by developing a hyper-reduction technique in the context of the NM-ROM. Numerical results show that neural networks can learn a more efficient latent space representation on advection-dominated data from 1D and 2D Burgers' equations. A speedup of up to 2.6 for 1D Burgers' and a speedup of 11.7 for 2D Burgers' equations are achieved with an appropriate treatment of the nonlinear terms through a hyper-reduction technique. Finally, a posteriori error bounds for the NM-ROMs are derived that take account of the hyper-reduced operators.

In recent years there has been a cascade of research in attempting to make AI systems more interpretable by providing explanations; so-called Explainable AI (XAI). Most of this research has dealt with the challenges that arise in explaining black-box deep learning systems in classification and regression tasks, with a focus on tabular and image data; for example, there is a rich seam of work on post-hoc counterfactual explanations for a variety of black-box classifiers (e.g., when a user is refused a loan, the counterfactual explanation tells the user about the conditions under which they would get the loan). However, less attention has been paid to the parallel interpretability challenges arising in AI systems dealing with time series data. This paper advances a novel technique, called Native-Guide, for the generation of proximal and plausible counterfactual explanations for instance-based time series classification tasks (e.g., where users are provided with alternative time series to explain how a classification might change). The Native-Guide method retrieves and uses native in-sample counterfactuals that already exist in the training data as "guides" for perturbation in time series counterfactual generation. This method can be coupled with both Euclidean and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance measures. After illustrating the technique on a case study involving a climate classification task, we reported on a comprehensive series of experiments on both real-world and synthetic data sets from the UCR archive. These experiments provide computational evidence of the quality of the counterfactual explanations generated.

Anomaly detection incurs certain sampling and sensing costs and therefore it is of great importance to strike a balance between the detection accuracy and these costs. In this work, we study anomaly detection by considering the detection of threshold crossings in a stochastic time series without the knowledge of its statistics. To reduce the sampling cost in this detection process, we propose the use of hierarchical generative adversarial networks (GANs) to perform nonuniform sampling. In order to improve the detection accuracy and reduce the delay in detection, we introduce a buffer zone in the operation of the proposed GAN-based detector. In the experiments, we analyze the performance of the proposed hierarchical GAN detector considering the metrics of detection delay, miss rates, average cost of error, and sampling ratio. We identify the tradeoffs in the performance as the buffer zone sizes and the number of GAN levels in the hierarchy vary. We also compare the performance with that of a sampling policy that approximately minimizes the sum of average costs of sampling and error given the parameters of the stochastic process. We demonstrate that the proposed GAN-based detector can have significant performance improvements in terms of detection delay and average cost of error with a larger buffer zone but at the cost of increased sampling rates.

Diffusion Maps is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique used to embed high-dimensional data in a low-dimensional Euclidean space, where the notion of distance is due to the transition probability of a random walk over the dataset. However, the conventional approach is not capable to reveal the dataset underlying subspace structure, a useful information for machine learning applications such as object classification and face recognition. To circumvent this limitation, a novel nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique, referred to as Grassmannian Diffusion Maps, is developed herein relying on the affinity between subspaces represented by points on the Grassmann manifold. To this aim, a kernel matrix is used to construct the transition matrix of a random walk on a graph connecting points on the Grassmann manifold for posterior determination of the diffusion coordinates embedding the data in a low-dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper, three examples are considered to evaluate the performance of both conventional and Grassmannian Diffusion Maps. First, a "toy" example shows that the Grassmannian Diffusion Maps can identify a well-defined parametrization of points on the unit sphere, representing a Grassmann manifold. The second example shows that the Grassmannian Diffusion Maps outperforms the conventional Diffusion Maps in classifying elements, later recovered by a conventional clustering, of a dataset by their intrinsic characteristics. In the last example, a novel data classification/recognition technique is developed based on the construction of an overcomplete dictionary of reduced dimension whose atoms are given by the diffusion coordinates. A face recognition problem is solved and high recognition rates (i.e., 95% in the best-case scenario) are obtained using a fraction of the data required by conventional methods.

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is a longstanding and open topic in the theory and practice-of-law. Predicting the nature and outcomes of judicial matters is abundantly warranted, keenly sought, and vigorously pursued by those within the legal industry and also by society as a whole. The tenuous act of generating judicially laden predictions has been limited in utility and exactitude, requiring further advancement. Various methods and techniques to predict legal cases and judicial actions have emerged over time, especially arising via the advent of computer-based modeling. There has been a wide range of approaches attempted, including simple calculative methods to highly sophisticated and complex statistical models. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approaches have also been increasingly utilized. In this paper, a review of the literature encompassing Legal Judgment Prediction is undertaken, along with innovatively proposing that the advent of AI Legal Reasoning (AILR) will have a pronounced impact on how LJP is performed and its predictive accuracy. Legal Judgment Prediction is particularly examined using the Levels of Autonomy (LoA) of AI Legal Reasoning, plus, other considerations are explored including LJP probabilistic tendencies, biases handling, actor predictors, transparency, judicial reliance, legal case outcomes, and other crucial elements entailing the overarching legal judicial milieu.

Defining trust is an important endeavor given its applicability to assessing public mood to much of the innovation in the newly formed autonomous industry, such as artificial intelligence (AI),medical bots, drones, autonomous vehicles, and smart factories [19].Through developing a reliable index or means to measure trust,this may have wide impact from fostering acceptance and adoption of smart systems to informing policy makers about the public atmosphere and willingness to adopt innovate change, and has been identified as an important indicator in a recent UK policy brief [8].In this paper, we reflect on the importance and potential impact of developing Visualization Psychology in the context of solving definitions and policy decision making problems for complex constructs such as "trust".

The next year will be pivotal for the Air Force's effort to acquire a new class of autonomous drones, as industry teams compete for a chance to build a fleet of robotic wingmen that will soon undergo operational experimentation. The "Skyborg" program is one of the service's top science-and-technology priorities under the "Vanguard" initiative to deliver game-changing capabilities to its warfighters. The aim is to acquire relatively inexpensive, attritable unmanned aircraft that can leverage artificial intelligence and accompany manned fighter jets into battle. "I expect that we will do sorties where a set number are expected to fly with the manned systems, and we'll have crazy new [concepts of operation] for how they'll be used," Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Will Roper said during an online event hosted by the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies. The platforms might even be called upon to conduct kamikaze missions.