This study investigates the dynamics of extreme opinions on social media during the 2023 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, utilising a comprehensive dataset of over 450,000 posts from four Reddit subreddits (r/Palestine, r/Judaism, r/IsraelPalestine, and r/worldnews). A lexicon-based, unsupervised methodology was developed to measure "extreme opinions" by considering factors such as anger, polarity, and subjectivity. The analysis identifies significant peaks in extremism scores that correspond to pivotal real-life events, such as the IDF's bombings of Al Quds Hospital and the Jabalia Refugee Camp, and the end of a ceasefire following a terrorist attack. Additionally, this study explores the distribution and correlation of these scores across different subreddits and over time, providing insights into the propagation of polarised sentiments in response to conflict events. By examining the quantitative effects of each score on extremism and analysing word cloud similarities through Jaccard indices, the research offers a nuanced understanding of the factors driving extreme online opinions. This approach underscores the potential of social media analytics in capturing the complex interplay between real-world events and online discourse, while also highlighting the limitations and challenges of measuring extremism in social media contexts.

An Israeli attack on Palestinian security guards escorting a humanitarian aid shipment in the Gaza Strip has killed at least 12 people and injured dozens, Al Jazeera Arabic's correspondents on the ground and news agencies report. Medics and local residents told the Reuters news agency that at least 30 people were injured, including several in critical condition, following the Israeli attack on Thursday that targeted civilian guards tasked with securing the aid convoy in the southern part of the war-torn enclave. A video clip shared by local Palestinian media in Gaza showed bodies stacked in a morgue that were reported to be the aid convoy's security personnel who were targeted west of Khan Younis. The attack is only the latest by Israeli forces on humanitarian aid workers, convoys and those trying to assist the safe entry of food and other supplies into war-torn Gaza, which is gripped by food shortages and fears of famine in the north of the territory, where an Israeli military ground operation and siege have been ongoing for several weeks. On Sunday night, at least 10 Palestinian people were killed while lining up to buy flour in an Israeli attack on Rafah, which is also in the south of the Gaza Strip.

An Israeli drone strike has killed one person in southern Lebanon, according to Lebanese health authorities, as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu promised to enforce the ceasefire with Hezbollah "with an iron fist". Lebanon's Ministry of Public Health and state media said Israeli forces carried out several new drone and artillery strikes in southern Lebanon on Tuesday, putting further strain on a tenuous 6-day-old ceasefire with Hezbollah. "An Israeli enemy drone strike on the town of Shebaa killed one person," a Health Ministry statement said. The state-run National News Agency (NNA) described the man who was killed as a "shepherd". The new attacks come as Israeli officials threatened to expand attacks on Lebanon if the ceasefire with the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah collapses.

EXCLUSIVE: Sen. Lindsey Graham is demanding answers on reporting that British International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor Karim Khan was accused of sexual misconduct at the same time he was pursuing criminal charges against Israeli officials. "Public reports indicate that allegations of harassment surfaced in early May--just a few days before Prosecutor Khan applied for arrest warrants against the Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Israel for alleged violations of law during the defensive Israeli-Hamas War," Graham wrote in a letter obtained by Fox News Digital. "The timing of the allegations is troubling, and only compounds the other strong legal, jurisdictional, and prudential objections I have expressed regarding the Prosecutor's decision to seek arrest warrants." On May 20, Khan requested arrest warrants for Israeli President Benjamin Netanyahu and Defence Minister Yoav Gallant, as well as Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Ismail Haniyeh and Mohammed Deif. All three Hamas leaders have been killed in the past year.

The Israeli military "repeatedly" fired at UNIFIL headquarters and positions in southern Lebanon, injuring two members of the peacekeeping force, the United Nations says, as Israel presses on with its assault on Hezbollah. UNIFIL – the UN Interim Force in Lebanon – said on Thursday that two of its peacekeepers were injured after an Israeli tank "fired its weapon" at a guard tower at the group's headquarters, located in the border area town of Naqoura. The attack on the tower had caused the two peacekeepers to fall. "The injuries are fortunately, this time, not serious, but they remain in hospital," said UNIFIL in a statement. The Israeli soldiers also fired on a UN position – named "1-31"- in the village of Labbouneh, "hitting the entrance to the bunker where peacekeepers were sheltering, and damaging vehicles and a communications system", it said. The peacekeeping force reported that it had observed an Israeli military drone flying inside the UN position up to the bunker entrance.

Israel killed three Palestinians in a drone strike on Thursday in Tulkarem, a city and refugee camp in the occupied West Bank. That was during an Israeli raid – a near-daily occurrence in the West Bank – on the Tulkarem refugee camp, during which Israeli troops clashed with fighters from the Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas, according to fighters in the city. Here's all you need to know about Israeli raids on Tulkarem: News reports say Israeli soldiers were deployed on rooftops and sent bulldozers into the camp to destroy large residential areas. Israel also reportedly set fire to people's homes and prevented local relief workers from putting the fires out. Experts say Israel's tactics during its raids appear to be part of a broader doctrine to collectively punish the population, ostensibly because pockets of armed resistance are fighting back against Israel's ever-entrenching occupation. Israel claims that it is conducting "counter-terrorism" operations.

The Israeli military has stepped up near-daily raids on Palestinian cities and towns in the West Bank since the Oct. 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel. Israeli forces have also increasingly carried out deadly airstrikes in the territory, a rise in aerial attacks not seen since the second Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the early 2000s. Before Oct. 7, airstrikes and drone attacks on the West Bank were rare and far more limited than in Gaza. But since the war in Gaza began, Israel has stepped up its aerial attacks on Palestinian areas. The two Palestinian territories have long been under separate governments.

JERUSALEM – The looming Israeli response against the Iran-backed Hezbollah terrorist movement in Lebanon is said to be imminent in response to the group's rocket attack on a children's soccer field on Saturday, resulting in the murders of 12 young people. Early Monday, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) reportedly executed a drone strike in southern Lebanon, resulting in the deaths of two Hezbollah terrorists. The IDF has not commented on the strike. The IDF drone attacks came after Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu held a three-hour cabinet meeting on Sunday, during which ministers authorized the prime minister and his minister of defense to determine the "manner and timing" of a military response to the lethal Hezbollah attack. Danny Danon, Israel's new ambassador to the United Nations, told "Fox and Friends" host Steve Doocy on Monday that, Israel's "response will be swift, harsh and painful, and we are now picking the targets and I believe in the next few days, and I'm sure Hezbollah will learn their lesson."

Israeli drone attacks have reportedly killed two people in southern Lebanon as conflict spirals between the bordering states. The Israeli attack was the first lethal action following a rocket attack on Saturday that Israel says killed 12 children and youths in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. The strike has increased concern that the war in Gaza threatens to escalate into a regional conflict. Lebanese state media said one strike hit a motorcycle close to the border, killing two riders and injuring a child. Two others were injured in a separate strike in southern Lebanon.

No Tech for Apartheid (NOTA), a coalition of tech workers demanding big tech companies to drop their contracts with the Israeli government, is close to reaching its goal for a campaign asking students not to work with Google and Amazon. As Wired reports, more than 1,100 people who identified themselves as STEM students and young workers have taken the pledge to refuse jobs from the companies "for powering Israel's Apartheid system and genocide against Palestinians." Based on its website, NOTA's goal is to gather 1,200 signatures for the campaign. "As young people and students in STEM and beyond, we refuse to have any part in these horrific abuses. We're joining the #NoTechForApartheid campaign to demand Amazon and Google immediately end Project Nimbus," part of the pledge reads.