The interpolation of spatial data can be of tremendous value in various applications, such as forecasting weather from only a few measurements of meteorological or remote sensing data. Existing methods for spatial interpolation, such as variants of kriging and spatial autoregressive models, tend to suffer from at least one of the following limitations: (a) the assumption of stationarity, (b) the assumption of isotropy, and (c) the trade-off between modelling local or global spatial interaction. Addressing these issues in this work, we propose the use of Markov reward processes (MRPs) as a spatial interpolation method, and we introduce three variants thereof: (i) a basic static discount MRP (SD-MRP), (ii) an accurate but mostly theoretical optimised MRP (O-MRP), and (iii) a transferable weight prediction MRP (WP-MRP). All variants of MRP interpolation operate locally, while also implicitly accounting for global spatial relationships in the entire system through recursion. Additionally, O-MRP and WP-MRP no longer assume stationarity and are robust to anisotropy. We evaluated our proposed methods by comparing the mean absolute errors of their interpolated grid cells to those of 7 common baselines, selected from models based on spatial autocorrelation, (spatial) regression, and deep learning. We performed detailed evaluations on two publicly available datasets (local GDP values, and COVID-19 patient trajectory data). The results from these experiments clearly show the competitive advantage of MRP interpolation, which achieved significantly lower errors than the existing methods in 23 out of 40 experimental conditions, or 35 out of 40 when including O-MRP.

Flexible plant operations are highly desirable in today's power generation industry. Every plant owner desires increased ramp rates and the ability to operate at lower loads so their plants will remain "in the money" longer in today's competitive power markets. This goal, while laudable, remains elusive. The ADEX self-tuning artificial intelligence (AI) system allows plants to continuously optimize plant performance at any operating point rather than being constrained to a static "design point" commonly found in gas- and coal-fired plants. Better yet, no changes to the plant distributed control system (DCS) are required.

The move from automated to autonomous process manufacturing is right around the corner. This article comes from the May 2021 issue of Intech Focus: Process Control and Safety. For process manufacturing, the ultimate promise of Industry 4.0 is autonomous manufacturing. Autonomous control of manufacturing processes is required, not to eliminate human workers, but to build resilient and highly responsive manufacturing supply chains. Resilience is required to enhance the top and bottom lines of a manufacturing enterprise.

From'The Terminator' and'Blade Runner' to'The Matrix,' Hollywood has taught us to be wary of artificial intelligence. But rather than sealing our doom on the big screen, algorithms could be the solution to at least one issue presented by the climate crisis. Researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science have successfully created a new type of machine learning model to predict the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of materials that can be used in next-generation organic solar cells, including'virtual' compounds that don't exist yet. Unlike some time-consuming and complicated models, the latest approach is quick, easy to use and the code is freely available for all scientists and engineers. The key to developing a more efficient and user-friendly model was to replace complicated and computationally expensive parameters, which require quantum mechanical calculations, with simpler and chemically interpretable signature descriptors of the molecules being analyzed.

If you follow my blogs, you know that I've been focusing a fair amount of attention on artificial intelligence, and how it has raised reasons for both optimism and extreme ethical pause. In this one, I want to discuss how there is potential for a new conflict not dissimilar to the Cold War with the development and proliferation of nuclear energy; but this time AI will take centre stage of the theatre. Very much akin to nuclear expansion, artificial intelligence comes with its own bag of pros and cons. Indubitably, nuclear energy has been harnessed for the commonwealth of mankind. Water Desalination -- Reducing the saline content of seawater is extremely costly and inefficient.

Of all the concerns surrounding artificial intelligence these days -- and no, I don't mean evil robot overlords, but more mundane things like job replacement and security -- perhaps none is more overlooked than cost. This is understandable, considering AI has the potential to lower the cost of doing business in so many ways. But AI is not only expensive to acquire and deploy, it also requires a substantial amount of compute power, storage, and energy to produce worthwhile returns. Back in 2019, AI pioneer Elliot Turner estimated that training the XLNet natural language system could cost upwards of $245,000 – roughly 512 TPUs running at full capacity for 60 straight hours. And there is no guarantee it will produce usable results.

With the Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) as a powerful function approximator, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been excellently demonstrated on robotic control tasks. Compared to DNNs with vanilla artificial neurons, the biologically plausible Spiking Neural Network (SNN) contains a diverse population of spiking neurons, making it naturally powerful on state representation with spatial and temporal information. Based on a hybrid learning framework, where a spike actor-network infers actions from states and a deep critic network evaluates the actor, we propose a Population-coding and Dynamic-neurons improved Spiking Actor Network (PDSAN) for efficient state representation from two different scales: input coding and neuronal coding. For input coding, we apply population coding with dynamically receptive fields to directly encode each input state component. For neuronal coding, we propose different types of dynamic-neurons (containing 1st-order and 2nd-order neuronal dynamics) to describe much more complex neuronal dynamics. Finally, the PDSAN is trained in conjunction with deep critic networks using the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic policy gradient algorithm (TD3-PDSAN). Extensive experimental results show that our TD3-PDSAN model achieves better performance than state-of-the-art models on four OpenAI gym benchmark tasks. It is an important attempt to improve RL with SNN towards the effective computation satisfying biological plausibility.

The Institute of Materials and Processes, IMP, of the University of Applied Sciences in Karlsruhe, Germany in cooperation with VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V, AEN Automotive Engineering Network and their cooperation partners present their competences of AI-based solution approaches in the production engineering field. The online congress KI 4 Industry on November 12 and 13, 2020, showed what opportunities the use of artificial intelligence offers for medium-sized manufacturing companies, SMEs, and where potential fields of application lie. The main purpose of KI 4 Industry is to increase the transfer of knowledge, research and technology from universities to small and medium-sized enterprises, to demystify the term AI and to encourage companies to use AI-based solutions in their own value chain or in their products.

Gradient flows are a powerful tool for optimizing functionals in general metric spaces, including the space of probabilities endowed with the Wasserstein metric. A typical approach to solving this optimization problem relies on its connection to the dynamic formulation of optimal transport and the celebrated Jordan-Kinderlehrer-Otto (JKO) scheme. However, this formulation involves optimization over convex functions, which is challenging, especially in high dimensions. In this work, we propose an approach that relies on the recently introduced input-convex neural networks (ICNN) to parameterize the space of convex functions in order to approximate the JKO scheme, as well as in designing functionals over measures that enjoy convergence guarantees. We derive a computationally efficient implementation of this JKO-ICNN framework and use various experiments to demonstrate its feasibility and validity in approximating solutions of low-dimensional partial differential equations with known solutions. We also explore the use of our JKO-ICNN approach in high dimensions with an experiment in controlled generation for molecular discovery.

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms have had great success in recent years in limited labeled data regimes. However, the current state-of-the-art SSL algorithms are computationally expensive and entail significant compute time and energy requirements. This can prove to be a huge limitation for many smaller companies and academic groups. Our main insight is that training on a subset of unlabeled data instead of entire unlabeled data enables the current SSL algorithms to converge faster, thereby reducing the computational costs significantly. In this work, we propose RETRIEVE, a coreset selection framework for efficient and robust semi-supervised learning. RETRIEVE selects the coreset by solving a mixed discrete-continuous bi-level optimization problem such that the selected coreset minimizes the labeled set loss. We use a one-step gradient approximation and show that the discrete optimization problem is approximately submodular, thereby enabling simple greedy algorithms to obtain the coreset. We empirically demonstrate on several real-world datasets that existing SSL algorithms like VAT, Mean-Teacher, FixMatch, when used with RETRIEVE, achieve a) faster training times, b) better performance when unlabeled data consists of Out-of-Distribution(OOD) data and imbalance. More specifically, we show that with minimal accuracy degradation, RETRIEVE achieves a speedup of around 3X in the traditional SSL setting and achieves a speedup of 5X compared to state-of-the-art (SOTA) robust SSL algorithms in the case of imbalance and OOD data.