We show that discrete synaptic weights can be efficiently used for learning in large scale neural systems, and lead to unanticipated computational performance. We focus on the representative case of learning random patterns with binary synapses in single layer networks. The standard statistical analysis shows that this problem is exponentially dominated by isolated solutions that are extremely hard to find algorithmically. Here, we introduce a novel method that allows us to find analytical evidence for the existence of subdominant and extremely dense regions of solutions. Numerical experiments confirm these findings. We also show that the dense regions are surprisingly accessible by simple learning protocols, and that these synaptic configurations are robust to perturbations and generalize better than typical solutions. These outcomes extend to synapses with multiple states and to deeper neural architectures. The large deviation measure also suggests how to design novel algorithmic schemes for optimization based on local entropy maximization.

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction is an important problem in machine learning and computational biology. However, there is no data set for training or evaluation purposes, where all the instances are accurately labeled. Instead, what is available are instances of positive class (with possibly noisy labels) and no instances of negative class. The non-availability of negative class data is typically handled with the observation that randomly chosen protein-pairs have a nearly 100% chance of being negative class, as only 1 in 1,500 protein pairs expected is expected to be an interacting pair. In this paper, we focused on the problem that non-availability of accurately labeled testing data sets in the domain of protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction may lead to biased evaluation results. We first showed that not acknowledging the inherent skew in the interactome (i.e. rare occurrence of positive instances) leads to an over-estimated accuracy of the predictor. Then we show that, with the belief that positive interactions are a rare category, sampling random pairs of proteins excluding known interacting proteins set as the negative testing data set could lead to an under-estimated evaluation result. We formalized those two problems to validate the above claim, and based on the formalization, we proposed a balancing method to cancel out the over-estimation with under-estimation. Finally, our experiments validated the theoretical aspects and showed that this balancing evaluation could evaluate the exact performance without availability of golden standard data sets.

This paper presents a case study of a recommender system that can be used to save energy in smart homes without lowering the comfort of the inhabitants. We present an algorithm that uses consumer behavior data only and uses machine learning to suggest actions for inhabitants to reduce the energy consumption of their homes. The system mines for frequent and periodic patterns in the event data provided by the Digitalstrom home automation system. These patterns are converted into association rules, prioritized and compared with the current behavior of the inhabitants. If the system detects an opportunities to save energy without decreasing the comfort level it sends a recommendation to the residents.

Modeling the distribution of natural images is challenging, partly because of strong statistical dependencies which can extend over hundreds of pixels. Recurrent neural networks have been successful in capturing long-range dependencies in a number of problems but only recently have found their way into generative image models. We here introduce a recurrent image model based on multidimensional long short-term memory units which are particularly suited for image modeling due to their spatial structure. Our model scales to images of arbitrary size and its likelihood is computationally tractable. We find that it outperforms the state of the art in quantitative comparisons on several image datasets and produces promising results when used for texture synthesis and inpainting. 1 Introduction The last few years have seen tremendous progress in learning useful image representations [6]. While early successes were often achieved through the use of generative models [e.g., 13, 23, 30], recent breakthroughs were mainly driven by improvements in supervised techniques [e.g., 20, 34]. Y et unsupervised learning has the potential to tap into the much larger source of unlabeled data, which may be important for training bigger systems capable of a more general scene understanding. For example, multimodal data is abundant but often unlabeled, yet can still greatly benefit unsupervised approaches [36].

Motivated by large-scale Collaborative-Filtering applications, we present a Non-Commuting Latent Factor (NCLF) tensor-completion approach for modeling three-way arrays, which is diagonal like the standard PARAFAC, but wherein different terms distinguish different kinds of three-way relations of co-clusters, as determined by permutations of latent factors. The first key component of the algebraic representation is the usage of two non-commutative real trilinear operations as the building blocks of the approximation. These operations are the standard three dimensional triple-product and a trilinear product on a two-dimensional real vector space, which is a representation of the real Clifford Algebra Cl(1,1) (a certain Majorana spinor). Both operations are purely ternary in that they cannot be decomposed into two group-operations on the relevant spaces. The second key component of the method is combining these operations using permutation-symmetry preserving linear combinations. We apply the model to the MovieLens and Fannie Mae datasets, and find that it outperforms the PARAFAC model. We propose some future directions, such as unsupervised-learning.

This paper covers the two approaches for sentiment analysis: i) lexicon based method; ii) machine learning method. We describe several techniques to implement these approaches and discuss how they can be adopted for sentiment classification of Twitter messages. We present a comparative study of different lexicon combinations and show that enhancing sentiment lexicons with emoticons, abbreviations and social-media slang expressions increases the accuracy of lexicon-based classification for Twitter. We discuss the importance of feature generation and feature selection processes for machine learning sentiment classification. To quantify the performance of the main sentiment analysis methods over Twitter we run these algorithms on a benchmark Twitter dataset from the SemEval-2013 competition, task 2-B. The results show that machine learning method based on SVM and Naive Bayes classifiers outperforms the lexicon method. We present a new ensemble method that uses a lexicon based sentiment score as input feature for the machine learning approach. The combined method proved to produce more precise classifications. We also show that employing a cost-sensitive classifier for highly unbalanced datasets yields an improvement of sentiment classification performance up to 7%.

A model of an Ant System where ants are controlled by a spiking neural circuit and a second order pheromone mechanism in a foraging task is presented. A neural circuit is trained for individual ants and subsequently the ants are exposed to a virtual environment where a swarm of ants performed a resource foraging task. The model comprises an associative and unsupervised learning strategy for the neural circuit of the ant. The neural circuit adapts to the environment by means of classical conditioning. The initially unknown environment includes different types of stimuli representing food and obstacles which, when they come in direct contact with the ant, elicit a reflex response in the motor neural system of the ant: moving towards or away from the source of the stimulus. The ants are released on a landscape with multiple food sources where one ant alone would have difficulty harvesting the landscape to maximum efficiency. The introduction of a double pheromone mechanism yields better results than traditional ant colony optimization strategies. Traditional ant systems include mainly a positive reinforcement pheromone. This approach uses a second pheromone that acts as a marker for forbidden paths (negative feedback). This blockade is not permanent and is controlled by the evaporation rate of the pheromones. The combined action of both pheromones acts as a collective stigmergic memory of the swarm, which reduces the search space of the problem. This paper explores how the adaptation and learning abilities observed in biologically inspired cognitive architectures is synergistically enhanced by swarm optimization strategies. The model portraits two forms of artificial intelligent behaviour: at the individual level the spiking neural network is the main controller and at the collective level the pheromone distribution is a map towards the solution emerged by the colony.

A major problem in road network analysis is discovery of important crossroads, which can provide useful information for transport planning. However, none of existing approaches addresses the problem of identifying network-wide important crossroads in real road network. In this paper, we propose a novel data-driven based approach named CRRank to rank important crossroads. Our key innovation is that we model the trip network reflecting real travel demands with a tripartite graph, instead of solely analysis on the topology of road network. To compute the importance scores of crossroads accurately, we propose a HITS-like ranking algorithm, in which a procedure of score propagation on our tripartite graph is performed. We conduct experiments on CRRank using a real-world dataset of taxi trajectories. Experiments verify the utility of CRRank.

Classification is an important tool with many useful applications. Among the many classification methods, Fisher's Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a traditional model-based approach which makes use of the covariance information. However, in the high-dimensional, low-sample size setting, LDA cannot be directly deployed because the sample covariance is not invertible. While there are modern methods designed to deal with high-dimensional data, they may not fully use the covariance information as LDA does. Hence in some situations, it is still desirable to use a model-based method such as LDA for classification. This article exploits the potential of LDA in more complicated data settings. In many real applications, it is costly to manually place labels on observations; hence it is often that only a small portion of labeled data is available while a large number of observations are left without a label. It is a great challenge to obtain good classification performance through the labeled data alone, especially when the dimension is greater than the size of the labeled data. In order to overcome this issue, we propose a semi-supervised sparse LDA classifier to take advantage of the seemingly useless unlabeled data. They provide additional information which helps to boost the classification performance in some situations. A direct estimation method is used to reconstruct LDA and achieve the sparsity; meanwhile we employ the difference-convex algorithm to handle the non-convex loss function associated with the unlabeled data. Theoretical properties of the proposed classifier are studied. Our simulated examples help to understand when and how the information extracted from the unlabeled data can be useful. A real data example further illustrates the usefulness of the proposed method.

Real-time estimation of destination and travel time for taxis is of great importance for existing electronic dispatch systems. We present an approach based on trip matching and ensemble learning, in which we leverage the patterns observed in a dataset of roughly 1.7 million taxi journeys to predict the corresponding final destination and travel time for ongoing taxi trips, as a solution for the ECML/PKDD Discovery Challenge 2015 competition. The results of our empirical evaluation show that our approach is effective and very robust, which led our team -- BlueTaxi -- to the 3rd and 7th position of the final rankings for the trip time and destination prediction tasks, respectively. Given the fact that the final rankings were computed using a very small test set (with only 320 trips) we believe that our approach is one of the most robust solutions for the challenge based on the consistency of our good results across the test sets.