This paper focuses on the analysis of the application effectiveness of the integration of deep learning and computer vision technologies. Deep learning achieves a historic breakthrough by constructing hierarchical neural networks, enabling end-to-end feature learning and semantic understanding of images. The successful experiences in the field of computer vision provide strong support for training deep learning algorithms. The tight integration of these two fields has given rise to a new generation of advanced computer vision systems, significantly surpassing traditional methods in tasks such as machine vision image classification and object detection. In this paper, typical image classification cases are combined to analyze the superior performance of deep neural network models while also pointing out their limitations in generalization and interpretability, proposing directions for future improvements. Overall, the efficient integration and development trend of deep learning with massive visual data will continue to drive technological breakthroughs and application expansion in the field of computer vision, making it possible to build truly intelligent machine vision systems. This deepening fusion paradigm will powerfully promote unprecedented tasks and functions in computer vision, providing stronger development momentum for related disciplines and industries.

The present-day business landscape necessitates novel methodologies that integrate intelligent technologies and tools capable of swiftly providing precise and dependable information for decision-making purposes. Contemporary society is characterized by vast amounts of accumulated data across various domains, which hold considerable potential for informing and guiding decision-making processes. However, these data are typically collected and stored by disparate and unrelated software systems, stored in diverse formats, and offer varying levels of accessibility and security. To address the challenges associated with processing such large volumes of data, organizations often rely on data analysts. Nonetheless, a significant hurdle in harnessing the benefits of accumulated data lies in the lack of direct communication between technical specialists, decision-makers, and business process analysts. To overcome this issue, the application of collaborative business intelligence (CBI) emerges as a viable solution. This research focuses on the applications of data mining and aims to model CBI processes within distributed virtual teams through the interaction of users and a CBI Virtual Assistant. The proposed virtual assistant for CBI endeavors to enhance data exploration accessibility for a wider range of users and streamline the time and effort required for data analysis. The key contributions of this study encompass: 1) a reference model representing collaborative BI, inspired by linguistic theory; 2) an approach that enables the transformation of user queries into executable commands, thereby facilitating their utilization within data exploration software; and 3) the primary workflow of a conversational agent designed for data analytics.

This research delves into the intricate landscape of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) risk factors, employing a novel fusion of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and mode-based ranking methodologies. The primary objective is to advance the comprehension of MSD risk factors, their classification, and their relative severity, facilitating more targeted preventive and management interventions. The study utilizes eight diverse models, integrating pre-trained transformers, cosine similarity, and various distance metrics to classify risk factors into personal, biomechanical, workplace, psychological, and organizational classes. Key findings reveal that the BERT model with cosine similarity attains an overall accuracy of 28%, while the sentence transformer, coupled with Euclidean, Bray-Curtis, and Minkowski distances, achieves a flawless accuracy score of 100%. In tandem with the classification efforts, the research employs a mode-based ranking approach on survey data to discern the severity hierarchy of MSD risk factors. Intriguingly, the rankings align precisely with the previous literature, reaffirming the consistency and reliability of the approach. ``Working posture" emerges as the most severe risk factor, emphasizing the critical role of proper posture in preventing MSDs. The collective perceptions of survey participants underscore the significance of factors like "Job insecurity," "Effort reward imbalance," and "Poor employee facility" in contributing to MSD risks. The convergence of rankings provides actionable insights for organizations aiming to reduce the prevalence of MSDs. The study concludes with implications for targeted interventions, recommendations for improving workplace conditions, and avenues for future research.

Generative models can produce synthetic patient records for analytical tasks when real data is unavailable or limited. However, current methods struggle with adhering to domain-specific knowledge and removing invalid data. We present ConSequence, an effective approach to integrating domain knowledge into sequential generative neural network outputs. Our rule-based formulation includes temporal aggregation and antecedent evaluation modules, ensured by an efficient matrix multiplication formulation, to satisfy hard and soft logical constraints across time steps. Existing constraint methods often fail to guarantee constraint satisfaction, lack the ability to handle temporal constraints, and hinder the learning and computational efficiency of the model. In contrast, our approach efficiently handles all types of constraints with guaranteed logical coherence. We demonstrate ConSequence's effectiveness in generating electronic health records, outperforming competitors in achieving complete temporal and spatial constraint satisfaction without compromising runtime performance or generative quality. Specifically, ConSequence successfully prevents all rule violations while improving the model quality in reducing its test perplexity by 5% and incurring less than a 13% slowdown in generation speed compared to an unconstrained model.

Interpretability for machine learning models in medical imaging (MLMI) is an important direction of research. However, there is a general sense of murkiness in what interpretability means. Why does the need for interpretability in MLMI arise? What goals does one actually seek to address when interpretability is needed? To answer these questions, we identify a need to formalize the goals and elements of interpretability in MLMI. By reasoning about real-world tasks and goals common in both medical image analysis and its intersection with machine learning, we identify five core elements of interpretability: localization, visual recognizability, physical attribution, model transparency, and actionability. From this, we arrive at a framework for interpretability in MLMI, which serves as a step-by-step guide to approaching interpretability in this context. Overall, this paper formalizes interpretability needs in the context of medical imaging, and our applied perspective clarifies concrete MLMI-specific goals and considerations in order to guide method design and improve real-world usage. Our goal is to provide practical and didactic information for model designers and practitioners, inspire developers of models in the medical imaging field to reason more deeply about what interpretability is achieving, and suggest future directions of interpretability research.

The term life sciences refers to the disciplines that study living organisms and life processes, and include chemistry, biology, medicine, and a range of other related disciplines. Research efforts in life sciences are heavily data-driven, as they produce and consume vast amounts of scientific data, much of which is intrinsically relational and graph-structured. The volume of data and the complexity of scientific concepts and relations referred to therein promote the application of advanced knowledge-driven technologies for managing and interpreting data, with the ultimate aim to advance scientific discovery. In this survey and position paper, we discuss recent developments and advances in the use of graph-based technologies in life sciences and set out a vision for how these technologies will impact these fields into the future. We focus on three broad topics: the construction and management of Knowledge Graphs (KGs), the use of KGs and associated technologies in the discovery of new knowledge, and the use of KGs in artificial intelligence applications to support explanations (explainable AI). We select a few exemplary use cases for each topic, discuss the challenges and open research questions within these topics, and conclude with a perspective and outlook that summarizes the overarching challenges and their potential solutions as a guide for future research.

Recently, bi-level optimization (BLO) has taken center stage in some very exciting developments in the area of signal processing (SP) and machine learning (ML). Roughly speaking, BLO is a classical optimization problem that involves two levels of hierarchy (i.e., upper and lower levels), wherein obtaining the solution to the upper-level problem requires solving the lower-level one. BLO has become popular largely because it is powerful in modeling problems in SP and ML, among others, that involve optimizing nested objective functions. Prominent applications of BLO range from resource allocation for wireless systems to adversarial machine learning. In this work, we focus on a class of tractable BLO problems that often appear in SP and ML applications. We provide an overview of some basic concepts of this class of BLO problems, such as their optimality conditions, standard algorithms (including their optimization principles and practical implementations), as well as how they can be leveraged to obtain state-of-the-art results for a number of key SP and ML applications. Further, we discuss some recent advances in BLO theory, its implications for applications, and point out some limitations of the state-of-the-art that require significant future research efforts. Overall, we hope that this article can serve to accelerate the adoption of BLO as a generic tool to model, analyze, and innovate on a wide array of emerging SP and ML applications.

India has a rich linguistic landscape with languages from 4 major language families spoken by over a billion people. 22 of these languages are listed in the Constitution of India (referred to as scheduled languages) are the focus of this work. Given the linguistic diversity, high-quality and accessible Machine Translation (MT) systems are essential in a country like India. Prior to this work, there was (i) no parallel training data spanning all 22 languages, (ii) no robust benchmarks covering all these languages and containing content relevant to India, and (iii) no existing translation models which support all the 22 scheduled languages of India. In this work, we aim to address this gap by focusing on the missing pieces required for enabling wide, easy, and open access to good machine translation systems for all 22 scheduled Indian languages. We identify four key areas of improvement: curating and creating larger training datasets, creating diverse and high-quality benchmarks, training multilingual models, and releasing models with open access. Our first contribution is the release of the Bharat Parallel Corpus Collection (BPCC), the largest publicly available parallel corpora for Indic languages. BPCC contains a total of 230M bitext pairs, of which a total of 126M were newly added, including 644K manually translated sentence pairs created as part of this work. Our second contribution is the release of the first n-way parallel benchmark covering all 22 Indian languages, featuring diverse domains, Indian-origin content, and source-original test sets. Next, we present IndicTrans2, the first model to support all 22 languages, surpassing existing models on multiple existing and new benchmarks created as a part of this work. Lastly, to promote accessibility and collaboration, we release our models and associated data with permissive licenses at https://github.com/AI4Bharat/IndicTrans2.

Graph neural networks (GNN) are increasingly used to classify EEG for tasks such as emotion recognition, motor imagery and neurological diseases and disorders. A wide range of methods have been proposed to design GNN-based classifiers. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic review and categorisation of these approaches. We exhaustively search the published literature on this topic and derive several categories for comparison. These categories highlight the similarities and differences among the methods. The results suggest a prevalence of spectral graph convolutional layers over spatial. Additionally, we identify standard forms of node features, with the most popular being the raw EEG signal and differential entropy. Our results summarise the emerging trends in GNN-based approaches for EEG classification. Finally, we discuss several promising research directions, such as exploring the potential of transfer learning methods and appropriate modelling of cross-frequency interactions.

Context: Technical debt (TD) is a well-known metaphor for the long-term effects of architectural decisions in software development and the trade-off between producing high-quality, effective, and efficient code and meeting a release schedule. Thus, the code degrades and needs refactoring. A lack of resources, time, knowledge, or experience on the development team might cause TD in any software development project. Objective: In the context of TD detection, NLP has been utilized to identify the presence of TD automatically and even recognize specific types of TD. However, the enormous variety of feature extraction approaches and ML/DL algorithms employed in the literature often hinders researchers from trying to improve their performance. Method: In light of this, this SLR proposes a taxonomy of feature extraction techniques and algorithms used in technical debt detection: its objective is to compare and benchmark their performance in the examined studies. Results: We selected 55 articles that passed the quality evaluation of this SLR. We then investigated which feature extractions and algorithms were employed to identify TD in each SDLC phase. All approaches proposed in the analyzed studies were grouped into NLP, NLP+ML, and NLP+DL. This allows us to discuss the performance in three different ways. Conclusion: Overall, the NLP+DL group consistently outperforms in precision and F1-score for all projects, and in all but one project for the recall metric. Regarding the feature extraction techniques, the PTWE consistently achieves higher precision, recall, and F1-score for each project analyzed. Furthermore, TD types have been mapped, when possible, to SDLC phases: this served to determine the best-performing feature extractions and algorithms for each SDLC phase. Finally, based on the SLR results, we also identify implications that could be of concern to researchers and practitioners.