With recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, unmanned vehicle swarms have received great attention from both academia and industry due to their potential to provide services that are difficult and dangerous to perform by humans. However, learning and coordinating movements and actions for a large number of unmanned vehicles in complex and dynamic environments introduce significant challenges to conventional AI methods. Generative AI (GAI), with its capabilities in complex data feature extraction, transformation, and enhancement, offers great potential in solving these challenges of unmanned vehicle swarms. For that, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey on applications, challenges, and opportunities of GAI in unmanned vehicle swarms. Specifically, we first present an overview of unmanned vehicles and unmanned vehicle swarms as well as their use cases and existing issues. Then, an in-depth background of various GAI techniques together with their capabilities in enhancing unmanned vehicle swarms are provided. After that, we present a comprehensive review on the applications and challenges of GAI in unmanned vehicle swarms with various insights and discussions. Finally, we highlight open issues of GAI in unmanned vehicle swarms and discuss potential research directions.

Recent years have seen an explosive increase in research on large language models (LLMs), and accompanying public engagement on the topic. While starting as a niche area within natural language processing, LLMs have shown remarkable potential across a broad range of applications and domains, including games. This paper surveys the current state of the art across the various applications of LLMs in and for games, and identifies the different roles LLMs can take within a game. Importantly, we discuss underexplored areas and promising directions for future uses of LLMs in games and we reconcile the potential and limitations of LLMs within the games domain. As the first comprehensive survey and roadmap at the intersection of LLMs and games, we are hopeful that this paper will serve as the basis for groundbreaking research and innovation in this exciting new field.

The advent of autonomous vehicles has heralded a transformative era in transportation, reshaping the landscape of mobility through cutting-edge technologies. Central to this evolution is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and learning algorithms, propelling vehicles into realms of unprecedented autonomy. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the evolutionary trajectory of AI within autonomous vehicles, tracing the journey from foundational principles to the most recent advancements. Commencing with a current landscape overview, the paper delves into the fundamental role of AI in shaping the autonomous decision-making capabilities of vehicles. It elucidates the steps involved in the AI-powered development life cycle in vehicles, addressing ethical considerations and bias in AI-driven software development for autonomous vehicles. The study presents statistical insights into the usage and types of AI/learning algorithms over the years, showcasing the evolving research landscape within the automotive industry. Furthermore, the paper highlights the pivotal role of parameters in refining algorithms for both trucks and cars, facilitating vehicles to adapt, learn, and improve performance over time. It concludes by outlining different levels of autonomy, elucidating the nuanced usage of AI and learning algorithms, and automating key tasks at each level. Additionally, the document discusses the variation in software package sizes across different autonomy levels

Automated machine learning (AutoML) aims to select and configure machine learning algorithms and combine them into machine learning pipelines tailored to a dataset at hand. For supervised learning tasks, most notably binary and multinomial classification, aka single-label classification (SLC), such AutoML approaches have shown promising results. However, the task of multi-label classification (MLC), where data points are associated with a set of class labels instead of a single class label, has received much less attention so far. In the context of multi-label classification, the data-specific selection and configuration of multi-label classifiers are challenging even for experts in the field, as it is a high-dimensional optimization problem with multi-level hierarchical dependencies. While for SLC, the space of machine learning pipelines is already huge, the size of the MLC search space outnumbers the one of SLC by several orders. In the first part of this thesis, we devise a novel AutoML approach for single-label classification tasks optimizing pipelines of machine learning algorithms, consisting of two algorithms at most. This approach is then extended first to optimize pipelines of unlimited length and eventually configure the complex hierarchical structures of multi-label classification methods. Furthermore, we investigate how well AutoML approaches that form the state of the art for single-label classification tasks scale with the increased problem complexity of AutoML for multi-label classification. In the second part, we explore how methods for SLC and MLC could be configured more flexibly to achieve better generalization performance and how to increase the efficiency of execution-based AutoML systems.

This study investigates the acceptability of different artificial intelligence (AI) applications in education from a multi-stakeholder perspective, including students, teachers, and parents. Acknowledging the transformative potential of AI in education, it addresses concerns related to data privacy, AI agency, transparency, explainability and the ethical deployment of AI. Through a vignette methodology, participants were presented with four scenarios where AI's agency, transparency, explainability, and privacy were manipulated. After each scenario, participants completed a survey that captured their perceptions of AI's global utility, individual usefulness, justice, confidence, risk, and intention to use each scenario's AI if available. The data collection comprising a final sample of 1198 multi-stakeholder participants was distributed through a partner institution and social media campaigns and focused on individual responses to four AI use cases. A mediation analysis of the data indicated that acceptance and trust in AI varies significantly across stakeholder groups. We found that the key mediators between high and low levels of AI's agency, transparency, and explainability, as well as the intention to use the different educational AI, included perceived global utility, justice, and confidence. The study highlights that the acceptance of AI in education is a nuanced and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of specific AI applications and their characteristics, in addition to the diverse stakeholders' perceptions.

Continual Learning (CL) aims to learn a sequence of problems (i.e., tasks and domains) by transferring knowledge acquired on previous problems, whilst avoiding forgetting of past ones. Different from previous approaches which focused on CL for one NLP task or domain in a specific use-case, in this paper, we address a more general CL setting to learn from a sequence of problems in a unique framework. Our method, HOP, permits to hop across tasks and domains by addressing the CL problem along three directions: (i) we employ a set of adapters to generalize a large pre-trained model to unseen problems, (ii) we compute high-order moments over the distribution of embedded representations to distinguish independent and correlated statistics across different tasks and domains, (iii) we process this enriched information with auxiliary heads specialized for each end problem. Extensive experimental campaign on 4 NLP applications, 5 benchmarks and 2 CL setups demonstrates the effectiveness of our HOP.

Understanding sleep and activity patterns plays a crucial role in physical and mental health. This study introduces a novel approach for sleep detection using weakly supervised learning for scenarios where reliable ground truth labels are unavailable. The proposed method relies on a set of weak labels, derived from the predictions generated by conventional sleep detection algorithms. Introducing a novel approach, we suggest a novel generalised non-linear statistical model in which the number of weak sleep labels is modelled as outcome of a binomial distribution. The probability of sleep in the binomial distribution is linked to the outcomes of neural networks trained to detect sleep based on actigraphy. We show that maximizing the likelihood function of the model, is equivalent to minimizing the soft cross-entropy loss. Additionally, we explored the use of the Brier score as a loss function for weak labels. The efficacy of the suggested modelling framework was demonstrated using the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis dataset. A \gls{lstm} trained on the soft cross-entropy outperformed conventional sleep detection algorithms, other neural network architectures and loss functions in accuracy and model calibration. This research not only advances sleep detection techniques in scenarios where ground truth data is scarce but also contributes to the broader field of weakly supervised learning by introducing innovative approach in modelling sets of weak labels.

As Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems become increasingly integrated into human social life, these technologies will need to increasingly rely on social intelligence. Although there are many valuable datasets that benchmark isolated dimensions of social intelligence, there does not yet exist any body of work to join these threads into a cohesive subfield in which researchers can quickly identify research gaps and future directions. Towards this goal, we build a Social AI Data Infrastructure, which consists of a comprehensive social AI taxonomy and a data library of 480 NLP datasets. Our infrastructure allows us to analyze existing dataset efforts, and also evaluate language models' performance in different social intelligence aspects. Our analyses demonstrate its Figure 1: Our Social Intelligence Data Infrastructure utility in enabling a thorough understanding of gives a comprehensive overview and synthesis of social current data landscape and providing a holistic intelligence in NLP, with a theoretically grounded taxonomy perspective on potential directions for future and an NLP data library. Researchers can use dataset development. We show there is a need our infrastructure to build and organize tasks, evaluate for multifaceted datasets, increased diversity in language models and derive future insights.

Negative sampling has swiftly risen to prominence as a focal point of research, with wide-ranging applications spanning machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, data mining, and recommender systems. This growing interest raises several critical questions: Does negative sampling really matter? Is there a general framework that can incorporate all existing negative sampling methods? In what fields is it applied? Addressing these questions, we propose a general framework that leverages negative sampling. Delving into the history of negative sampling, we trace the development of negative sampling through five evolutionary paths. We dissect and categorize the strategies used to select negative sample candidates, detailing global, local, mini-batch, hop, and memory-based approaches. Our review categorizes current negative sampling methods into five types: static, hard, GAN-based, Auxiliary-based, and In-batch methods, providing a clear structure for understanding negative sampling. Beyond detailed categorization, we highlight the application of negative sampling in various areas, offering insights into its practical benefits. Finally, we briefly discuss open problems and future directions for negative sampling.

Decision-making is a fundamental capability in everyday life. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide multifaceted support in enhancing human decision-making processes. However, understanding the influencing factors of LLM-assisted decision-making is crucial for enabling individuals to utilize LLM-provided advantages and minimize associated risks in order to make more informed and better decisions. This study presents the results of a comprehensive literature analysis, providing a structural overview and detailed analysis of determinants impacting decision-making with LLM support. In particular, we explore the effects of technological aspects of LLMs, including transparency and prompt engineering, psychological factors such as emotions and decision-making styles, as well as decision-specific determinants such as task difficulty and accountability. In addition, the impact of the determinants on the decision-making process is illustrated via multiple application scenarios. Drawing from our analysis, we develop a dependency framework that systematizes possible interactions in terms of reciprocal interdependencies between these determinants. Our research reveals that, due to the multifaceted interactions with various determinants, factors such as trust in or reliance on LLMs, the user's mental model, and the characteristics of information processing are identified as significant aspects influencing LLM-assisted decision-making processes. Our findings can be seen as crucial for improving decision quality in human-AI collaboration, empowering both users and organizations, and designing more effective LLM interfaces. Additionally, our work provides a foundation for future empirical investigations on the determinants of decision-making assisted by LLMs.