The question of whether artificial beings or machines could become self-aware or consciousness has been a philosophical question for centuries. The main problem is that self-awareness cannot be observed from an outside perspective and the distinction of whether something is really self-aware or merely a clever program that pretends to do so cannot be answered without access to accurate knowledge about the mechanism's inner workings. We review the current state-of-the-art regarding these developments and investigate common machine learning approaches with respect to their potential ability to become self-aware. We realise that many important algorithmic steps towards machines with a core consciousness have already been devised. For human-level intelligence, however, many additional techniques have to be discovered.

Automated negotiation can be an efficient method for resolving conflict and redistributing resources in a coalition setting. Automated negotiation has already seen increased usage in fields such as e-commerce and power distribution in smart girds, and recent advancements in opponent modelling have proven to deliver better outcomes. However, significant barriers to more widespread adoption remain, such as lack of predictable outcome over time and user trust. Additionally, there have been many recent advancements in the field of reasoning about uncertainty, which could help alleviate both those problems. As there is no recent survey on these two fields, and specifically not on their possible intersection we aim to provide such a survey here.

Multilingualism is a cultural cornerstone of Europe and firmly anchored in the European treaties including full language equality. However, language barriers impacting business, cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication are still omnipresent. Language Technologies (LTs) are a powerful means to break down these barriers. While the last decade has seen various initiatives that created a multitude of approaches and technologies tailored to Europe's specific needs, there is still an immense level of fragmentation. At the same time, AI has become an increasingly important concept in the European Information and Communication Technology area. For a few years now, AI, including many opportunities, synergies but also misconceptions, has been overshadowing every other topic. We present an overview of the European LT landscape, describing funding programmes, activities, actions and challenges in the different countries with regard to LT, including the current state of play in industry and the LT market. We present a brief overview of the main LT-related activities on the EU level in the last ten years and develop strategic guidance with regard to four key dimensions.

With widespread applications of artificial intelligence (AI), the capabilities of the perception, understanding, decision-making and control for autonomous systems have improved significantly in the past years. When autonomous systems consider the performance of accuracy and transferability simultaneously, several AI methods, like adversarial learning, reinforcement learning (RL) and meta-learning, show their powerful performance. Here, we review the learning-based approaches in autonomous systems from the perspectives of accuracy and transferability. Accuracy means that a well-trained model shows good results during the testing phase, in which the testing set shares a same task or a data distribution with the training set. Transferability means that when an trained model is transferred to other testing domains, the accuracy is still good. Firstly, we introduce some basic concepts of transfer learning and then present some preliminaries of adversarial learning, RL and meta-learning. Secondly, we focus on reviewing the accuracy and transferability to show the advantages of adversarial learning, like generative adversarial networks (GANs), in typical computer vision tasks in autonomous systems, including image style transfer, image super-resolution, image deblurring/dehazing/rain removal, semantic segmentation, depth estimation and person re-identification. Then, we further review the performance of RL and meta-learning from the aspects of accuracy and transferability in autonomous systems, involving robot navigation and robotic manipulation. Finally, we discuss several challenges and future topics for using adversarial learning, RL and meta-learning in autonomous systems.

When you hear the words artificial intelligence, what's the first thing that comes to mind? Driverless cars, Amazon shopping, Netflix movie recommendations and trading software to help bankers. Many think of artificial intelligence in healthcare as a buzz word or just a concept that will fully develop in the near future, but has no impact in your life right now. Some other household examples of current-day technology that use AI include Siri, Alexa, Google Now – these popular speech recognition software assistants all use artificial intelligence! Recently, Alexa was cleared to handle patient information.

There is increasing awareness that the greatest problems with artificial intelligence are not primarily technical, but rather how to achieve value from the technology. This was a growing problem even in the booming economy of the last several years, but a much more important issue in the current pandemic-driven recessionary economic climate. Older AI technologies like natural language processing, and newer ones like deep learning, work well for the most part and are capable of providing considerable value to organizations that implement them. The challenges are with large-scale implementation and deployment of AI, which are necessary to achieve value. There is substantial evidence of this in surveys.

If anything can supersede the hype around artificial intelligence (AI) than it is probably Emotion AI, the irony is that the latter is the subset of AI itself. The hype around emotion AI revolves around the excitement of witnessing the mass infiltration of machines into complex world of human emotions. For too long machines have been considered as a beast that can interpret & simplify complex data but miserably falls short of replicating the same magic in the area of human emotion. However, this hypothesis and assumption is now being challenged by artificial intelligence. Emotion Ai is essentially one of emerging areas of AI where machines seek to analyze and comprehend human emotions by judging facial expressions, body language, gestures, voice tone so and so forth.

Symbolic time series representations allow for the use of algorithms from text processing and bioinformatics, which often take advantage of the discrete nature of the data. Our focus in this work is to develop a symbolic representation which is dimension reducing whilst preserving the essential shape of the time series. Our definition of shape is different from the one commonly implied in the context of time series: we focus on representing the peaks and troughs of the time series in their correct order of appearance, but we are happy to slightly stretch the time series in both the time and value directions. In other words, our focus is not necessarily on approximating the time series values at the correct time points, but on representing the local up-and-down behavior of the time series and identifying repeated motifs. This is obviously not appropriate in all applications, but we believe it is close to how humans summarize the overall behavior of a time series, and in that our representation might be useful for trend prediction, anomaly detection, and motif discovery. To illustrate, let us consider the time series shown in Figure 1. This series is sampled at equidistant time points with values t 0,t 1,...,t N R, where N 230. There are various ways of describing this time series, for example: (a) It is exactly representable as a high-dimensional vector T [t 0,t 1,...,t N ] R N 1 .

The application of "machine learning" and "artificial intelligence" has become popular within the last decade. Both terms are frequently used in science and media, sometimes interchangeably, sometimes with different meanings. In this work, we aim to clarify the relationship between these terms and, in particular, to specify the contribution of machine learning to artificial intelligence. We review relevant literature and present a conceptual framework which clarifies the role of machine learning to build (artificial) intelligent agents. Hence, we seek to provide more terminological clarity and a starting point for (interdisciplinary) discussions and future research.

Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether hand-crafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view. Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.