Deep Reinforcement Learning is a topic that has gained a lot of attention recently, due to the unprecedented achievements and remarkable performance of such algorithms in various benchmark tests and environmental setups. The power of such methods comes from the combination of an already established and strong field of Deep Learning, with the unique nature of Reinforcement Learning methods. It is, however, deemed necessary to provide a compact, accurate and comparable view of these methods and their results for the means of gaining valuable technical and practical insights. In this work we gather the essential methods related to Deep Reinforcement Learning, extracting common property structures for three complementary core categories: a) Model-Free, b) Model-Based and c) Modular algorithms. For each category, we present, analyze and compare state-of-the-art Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms that achieve high performance in various environments and tackle challenging problems in complex and demanding tasks. In order to give a compact and practical overview of their differences, we present comprehensive comparison figures and tables, produced by reported performances of the algorithms under two popular simulation platforms: the Atari Learning Environment and the MuJoCo physics simulation platform. We discuss the key differences of the various kinds of algorithms, indicate their potential and limitations, as well as provide insights to researchers regarding future directions of the field.

Along with the great success of deep neural networks, there is also growing concern about their black-box nature. The interpretability issue affects people's trust on deep learning systems. It is also related to many ethical problems, e.g., algorithmic discrimination. Moreover, interpretability is a desired property for deep networks to become powerful tools in other research fields, e.g., drug discovery and genomics. In this survey, we conduct a comprehensive review of the neural network interpretability research. We first clarify the definition of interpretability as it has been used in many different contexts. Then we elaborate on the importance of interpretability and propose a novel taxonomy organized along three dimensions: type of engagement (passive vs. active interpretation approaches), the type of explanation, and the focus (from local to global interpretability). This taxonomy provides a meaningful 3D view of distribution of papers from the relevant literature as two of the dimensions are not simply categorical but allow ordinal subcategories. Finally, we summarize the existing interpretability evaluation methods and suggest possible research directions inspired by our new taxonomy.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not just a buzzword, but a crucial part of the technology landscape. AI is changing every industry and business function, which results in increased interest in its applications, subdomains and related fields. This makes AI companies the top leaders driving the technology swift. AI helps us to optimise and automate crucial business processes, gather essential data and transform the world, one step at a time. From Google and Amazon to Apple and Microsoft, every major tech company is dedicating resources to breakthroughs in artificial intelligence. As big enterprises are busy acquiring or merging with other emerging inventions, small AI companies are also working hard to develop their own intelligent technology and services. By leveraging artificial intelligence, organizations get an innovative edge in the digital age. AI consults are also working to provide companies with expertise that can help them grow. In this digital era, AI is also a significant place for investment. AI companies are constantly developing the latest products to provide the simplest solutions. Henceforth, Analytics Insight brings you the list of top 100 AI companies that are leading the technology drive towards a better tomorrow. AEye develops advanced vision hardware, software, and algorithms that act as the eyes and visual cortex of autonomous vehicles. AEye is an artificial perception pioneer and creator of iDAR, a new form of intelligent data collection that acts as the eyes and visual cortex of autonomous vehicles. Since its demonstration of its solid state LiDAR scanner in 2013, AEye has pioneered breakthroughs in intelligent sensing. Their mission was to acquire the most information with the fewest ones and zeros. This would allow AEye to drive the automotive industry into the next realm of autonomy. Algorithmia invented the AI Layer.

The increasing bandwidth requirement of new wireless applications has lead to standardization of the millimeter wave spectrum for high-speed wireless communication. The millimeter wave spectrum is part of 5G and covers frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz corresponding to wavelengths ranging from 10 to 1 mm. Although millimeter wave is often considered as a communication medium, it has also proved to be an excellent 'sensor', thanks to its narrow beams, operation across a wide bandwidth, and interaction with atmospheric constituents. In this paper, which is to the best of our knowledge the first review that completely covers millimeter wave sensing application pipelines, we provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of different basic application pipeline building blocks, including hardware, algorithms, analytical models, and model evaluation techniques. The review also provides a taxonomy that highlights different millimeter wave sensing application domains. By performing a thorough analysis, complying with the systematic literature review methodology and reviewing 165 papers, we not only extend previous investigations focused only on communication aspects of the millimeter wave technology and using millimeter wave technology for active imaging, but also highlight scientific and technological challenges and trends, and provide a future perspective for applications of millimeter wave as a sensing technology.

In this article, we aim to provide a literature review of different formulations and approaches to continual reinforcement learning (RL), also known as lifelong or non-stationary RL. We begin by discussing our perspective on why RL is a natural fit for studying continual learning. We then provide a taxonomy of different continual RL formulations and mathematically characterize the non-stationary dynamics of each setting. We go on to discuss evaluation of continual RL agents, providing an overview of benchmarks used in the literature and important metrics for understanding agent performance. Finally, we highlight open problems and challenges in bridging the gap between the current state of continual RL and findings in neuroscience. While still in its early days, the study of continual RL has the promise to develop better incremental reinforcement learners that can function in increasingly realistic applications where non-stationarity plays a vital role. These include applications such as those in the fields of healthcare, education, logistics, and robotics.

Over the last decade, the long-running endeavour to automate high-level processes in machine learning (ML) has risen to mainstream prominence, stimulated by advances in optimisation techniques and their impact on selecting ML models/algorithms. Central to this drive is the appeal of engineering a computational system that both discovers and deploys high-performance solutions to arbitrary ML problems with minimal human interaction. Beyond this, an even loftier goal is the pursuit of autonomy, which describes the capability of the system to independently adjust an ML solution over a lifetime of changing contexts. However, these ambitions are unlikely to be achieved in a robust manner without the broader synthesis of various mechanisms and theoretical frameworks, which, at the present time, remain scattered across numerous research threads. Accordingly, this review seeks to motivate a more expansive perspective on what constitutes an automated/autonomous ML system, alongside consideration of how best to consolidate those elements. In doing so, we survey developments in the following research areas: hyperparameter optimisation, multi-component models, neural architecture search, automated feature engineering, meta-learning, multi-level ensembling, dynamic adaptation, multi-objective evaluation, resource constraints, flexible user involvement, and the principles of generalisation. We also develop a conceptual framework throughout the review, augmented by each topic, to illustrate one possible way of fusing high-level mechanisms into an autonomous ML system. Ultimately, we conclude that the notion of architectural integration deserves more discussion, without which the field of automated ML risks stifling both its technical advantages and general uptake.

We shift this perspective with the Privatech project to focus on corporations and law firms as agents of compliance. To comply with data protection laws, data processors must implement accountability measures to assess and document compliance in relation to both privacy documents and privacy practices. In this paper, we survey, on the one hand, current research on GDPR automation, and on the other hand, the operational challenges corporations face to comply with GDPR, and that may benefit from new forms of automation. We attempt to bridge the gap. We provide a roadmap for compliance assessment and generation by identifying compliance issues, breaking them down into tasks that can be addressed through machine learning and automation, and providing notes about related developments in the Privatech project.

In recent years, deep learning has become more and more mature, and as a commonly used algorithm in deep learning, convolutional neural networks have been widely used in various visual tasks. In the past, research based on deep learning algorithms mainly relied on hardware such as GPUs and CPUs. However, with the increasing development of FPGAs, both field programmable logic gate arrays, it has become the main implementation hardware platform that combines various neural network deep learning algorithms This article is a review article, which mainly introduces the related theories and algorithms of convolution. It summarizes the application scenarios of several existing FPGA technologies based on convolutional neural networks, and mainly introduces the application of accelerators. At the same time, it summarizes some accelerators' under-utilization of logic resources or under-utilization of memory bandwidth, so that they can't get the best performance.

In recent years, the quantity of digital text data has grown exponentially and continues to grow at 55-65% each year (IDC). From social media posts to customer transactions, online communities, surveys, reviews, chats, emails, and more, businesses across industries face the challenge of monitoring various sources and extracting the most relevant data. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) help businesses sort through unstructured data more accurately. However, implementing traditional AI and ML require additional manpower and subject matter expertise and can be time consuming and costly. With the advent of new technologies and growth in data, businesses that can extract information and create actionable insights quickly and at scale will have the most leverage in a competitive landscape.

Gaussian Processes (GPs) has experienced tremendous success in geoscience in general and for bio-geophysical parameter retrieval in the last years. GPs constitute a solid Bayesian framework to formulate many function approximation problems consistently. This paper reviews the main theoretical GP developments in the field. We review new algorithms that respect the signal and noise characteristics, that provide feature rankings automatically, and that allow applicability of associated uncertainty intervals to transport GP models in space and time. All these developments are illustrated in the field of geoscience and remote sensing at a local and global scales through a set of illustrative examples.