Multi-class classification problem is among the most popular and well-studied statistical frameworks. Modern multi-class datasets can be extremely ambiguous and single-output predictions fail to deliver satisfactory performance. By allowing predictors to predict a set of label candidates, set-valued classification offers a natural way to deal with this ambiguity. Several formulations of set-valued classification are available in the literature and each of them leads to different prediction strategies. The present survey aims to review popular formulations using a unified statistical framework. The proposed framework encompasses previously considered and leads to new formulations as well as it allows to understand underlying trade-offs of each formulation. We provide infinite sample optimal set-valued classification strategies and review a general plug-in principle to construct data-driven algorithms. The exposition is supported by examples and pointers to both theoretical and practical contributions. Finally, we provide experiments on real-world datasets comparing these approaches in practice and providing general practical guidelines.

Explanations are used in recommender systems for various reasons. Users have to be supported in making (high-quality) decisions more quickly. Developers of recommender systems want to convince users to purchase specific items. Users should better understand how the recommender system works and why a specific item has been recommended. Users should also develop a more in-depth understanding of the item domain. Consequently, explanations are designed in order to achieve specific \emph{goals} such as increasing the transparency of a recommendation or increasing a user's trust in the recommender system. In this paper, we provide an overview of existing research related to explanations in recommender systems, and specifically discuss aspects relevant to group recommendation scenarios. In this context, we present different ways of explaining and visualizing recommendations determined on the basis of preference aggregation strategies.

Many professionals in healthcare information technology might not yet be familiar with radiomics, but the emerging technology could potentially have a big impact on the future of cancer care. Radiomics might be most easily explained as "imaging analytics." The technology uses AI and machine learning to extract high-dimensional data from standard medical images such as CT, MRI and PET scans to provide more than 1,500 data points that deliver new insights about the tumors or lesions in those images that cannot be obtained via traditional approaches. Healthcare IT News asked Rose Higgins, CEO of radiomics pioneer HealthMyne, for a primer on radiomics, and to discuss its place in the realm of health IT. Q: Please explain what radiomics is, and how it works.

Transformers are arguably the main workhorse in recent Natural Language Processing research. By definition a Transformer is invariant with respect to reorderings of the input. However, language is inherently sequential and word order is essential to the semantics and syntax of an utterance. In this paper, we provide an overview of common methods to incorporate position information into Transformer models. The objectives of this survey are to i) showcase that position information in Transformer is a vibrant and extensive research area; ii) enable the reader to compare existing methods by providing a unified notation and meaningful clustering; iii) indicate what characteristics of an application should be taken into account when selecting a position encoding; iv) provide stimuli for future research. The Transformer model as introduced by Vaswani et al. (2017) has been found to perform well for many tasks, such as machine translation or language modeling. With the rise of pretrained language models (PLMs) (Peters et al., 2018; Howard & Ruder, 2018; Devlin et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2020) Transformer models have become even more popular. As a result they are at the core of many state of the art natural language processing (NLP) models. A Transformer model consists of several layers, or blocks. Each layer is a self-attention (Vaswani et al., 2017) module followed by a feed-forward layer. Layer normalization and residual connections are additional components of a layer.

When collaborating with an AI system, we need to assess when to trust its recommendations. If we mistakenly trust it in regions where it is likely to err, catastrophic failures may occur, hence the need for Bayesian approaches for probabilistic reasoning in order to determine the confidence (or epistemic uncertainty) in the probabilities in light of the training data. We propose an approach to overcome the independence assumption behind most of the approaches dealing with a large class of probabilistic reasoning that includes Bayesian networks as well as several instances of probabilistic logic. We provide an algorithm for Bayesian learning from sparse, albeit complete, observations, and for deriving inferences and their confidences keeping track of the dependencies between variables when they are manipulated within the unifying computational formalism provided by probabilistic circuits. Each leaf of such circuits is labelled with a beta-distributed random variable that provides us with an elegant framework for representing uncertain probabilities. We achieve better estimation of epistemic uncertainty than state-of-the-art approaches, including highly engineered ones, while being able to handle general circuits and with just a modest increase in the computational effort compared to using point probabilities.

Recently, the advancement of 3D point clouds in deep learning has attracted intensive research in different application domains such as computer vision and robotic tasks. However, creating feature representation of robust, discriminative from unordered and irregular point clouds is challenging. In this paper, our ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the point clouds feature representation which uses attention models. More than 75+ key contributions in the recent three years are summarized in this survey, including the 3D objective detection, 3D semantic segmentation, 3D pose estimation, point clouds completion etc. We provide a detailed characterization (1) the role of attention mechanisms, (2) the usability of attention models into different tasks, (3) the development trend of key technology.

With the development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and image scanning technology, Whole-slide Image (WSI) scanners are widely used in the field of pathological diagnosis. Therefore, WSI analysis has become the key to modern digital pathology. Since 2004, WSI has been used more and more in CAD. Since machine vision methods are usually based on semi-automatic or fully automatic computers, they are highly efficient and labor-saving. The combination of WSI and CAD technologies for segmentation, classification, and detection helps histopathologists obtain more stable and quantitative analysis results, save labor costs and improve diagnosis objectivity. This paper reviews the methods of WSI analysis based on machine learning. Firstly, the development status of WSI and CAD methods are introduced. Secondly, we discuss publicly available WSI datasets and evaluation metrics for segmentation, classification, and detection tasks. Then, the latest development of machine learning in WSI segmentation, classification, and detection are reviewed continuously. Finally, the existing methods are studied, the applicabilities of the analysis methods are analyzed, and the application prospects of the analysis methods in this field are forecasted.

This work presents a novel pipeline that demonstrates what is achievable with a combined effort of state-of-the-art approaches, surpassing the 50% exact match on NaturalQuestions and EfficentQA datasets. Specifically, it proposes the novel R2-D2 (Rank twice, reaD twice) pipeline composed of retriever, reranker, extractive reader, generative reader and a simple way to combine them. Furthermore, previous work often comes with a massive index of external documents that scales in the order of tens of GiB. This work presents a simple approach for pruning the contents of a massive index such that the open-domain QA system altogether with index, OS, and library components fits into 6GiB docker image while retaining only 8% of original index contents and losing only 3% EM accuracy.

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a form of logic-based machine learning. The goal of ILP is to induce a hypothesis (a logic program) that generalises given training examples and background knowledge. As ILP turns 30, we survey recent work in the field. In this survey, we focus on (i) new meta-level search methods, (ii) techniques for learning recursive programs that generalise from few examples, (iii) new approaches for predicate invention, and (iv) the use of different technologies, notably answer set programming and neural networks. We conclude by discussing some of the current limitations of ILP and discuss directions for future research.

We present CheckSoft, a scalable event-driven software architecture for keeping track of people-object interactions in people-centric applications such as airport checkpoint security areas, automated retail stores, smart libraries, and so on. The architecture works off the video data generated in real time by a network of surveillance cameras. Although there are many different aspects to automating these applications, the most difficult part of the overall problem is keeping track of the interactions between the people and the objects. CheckSoft uses finite-state-machine (FSM) based logic for keeping track of such interactions which allows the system to quickly reject any false detections of the interactions by the video cameras. CheckSoft is easily scalable since the architecture is based on multi-processing in which a separate process is assigned to each human and to each "storage container" for the objects. A storage container may be a shelf on which the objects are displayed or a bin in which the objects are stored, depending on the specific application in which CheckSoft is deployed.