Report #SP-1395, System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.

A large high-speed general-purpose digital computer (IBM 7090) wasProgrammed to solve elementary symbolic integration problems at approximatelythe level of a good college freshman. The program is called SAINT,an acronym for "Symbolic Automatic INTegrator." The SAINT programis written in LISP (McCarthy, 1960), and most of the work reported hereJs the substance of a doctoral dissertation at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (Slagle, 1961). This discussion concerns the SAINT programand its performance.Some typical samples of SAINT's external behavior are given so thatthe reader may think in concrete terms. Journal of the ACM, Vol 10, No. 4, pp. 507-520, October 1963.

"The LISP language is designed primarily for symbolic data processing. It has been used for symbolic calculations in differential and integral calculus, electrical circuit theory, mathematical logic, game playing, and other fields of artificial intelligence.LISP is a formal mathematical language. It is therefore podsible to give a concise yet complete description of it. Such is the purpose of this first section of the manual. Other sections will describe ways of using LISP to advantage and will explain extensions of the language which make it a convenient programming system."The M.I.T. Press

Technical Report, Panoramic Research, Inc, Palo Alto, CA

CACM, 5, 394–397

MH-1 is a motorized and sensitized servomanipulator operated by the TX-O computer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It serves as an experimental vehicle to explore the feasibility of direct relations between a digital computer and the physical world with which this computer is concerned. Usually, a human interpreter stands between the computer and the physical world. Instead, the TX-O computer in the MH-1 system is programmed to perform by itself some of the functions normally assigned to the human intermediary; namely, to perceive the world, to appreciate it, and to determine a reasonable course of action after a goal has been specified for the hand. The data processing tools used are, rather than numerical operations on quantitative signals, pattern recognition and simulation of higher cognitive processes such as awareness and understanding. This paper describes some of the experiments performed with MH-1 and the mechanisms upon which the capabilities of MH-1 are based.

Artificial intelligence project memo 30, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This article is concerned with the psychology of human thinking. It setsforth a theory to explain how some humans try to solve some simpleformal problems. The research from which the theory emerged is intimatelyrelated to the field of information processing and the construction of intelligentautomata, and the theory is expressed in the form of a computerprogram. The rapid technical advances in the art of programming digitalcomputers to do sophisticated tasks have made such a theory feasible.It is often argued that a careful line must be drawn between the attemptto accomplish with machines the same tasks that humans perform, andthe attempt to simulate the processes humans actually use to accomplishthese tasks. The program discussed in the report, GPS (General ProblemSolver), maximally confuses the two approaches—with-mutual"!benefit. Lerende Automaten, Munich: Oldenberg KG

The investment process is a problem in decision-making under uncertainty. Our model, written as a computer program, simulates the proce- dures used in choosing investment policies for particular accounts, in evaluating the alternatives presented by the market, and in selecting the required portfolios. The analysis is based on the operations at a medium-sized national bank 1 and the decision-maker of our model is the trust imvestment officer. From A Simulation of Trust Investment, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961.

This listing is intended as an introduction to the literature on Artificial Intelligence, €”i.e., to the literature dealing with the problem of making machines behave intelligently. We have divided this area into categories and cross-indexed the references accordingly. Large bibliographies without some classification facility are next to useless. This particular field is still young, but there are already many instances in which workers have wasted much time in rediscovering (for better or for worse) schemes already reported. In the last year or two this problem has become worse, and in such a situation just about any information is better than none. This bibliography is intended to serve just that purpose-to present some information about this literature. The selection was confined mainly to publications directly concerned with construction of artificial problem-solving systems. Many peripheral areas are omitted completely or represented only by a few citations.IRE Trans. on Human Factors in Electronics, HFE-2, pages 39-55