The third approach left the technology codes untouched and built a procedural program that initiated separate, independent processes consisting of the technology codes communicating through a common database. This was better because the technology organizations continued to maintain technical and managerial control over their codes. The rigid procedural integration program was still unacceptably costly to modify, requiring a flow time of approximately six weeks. However, it did provide a prototype and baseline for the knowledge system.

The possibility of constructing a personal AI raises many ethical and religious questions that have been dealt with seriously only by imaginative works of fiction; they have largely been ignored by technical experts and by philosophical and theological ethicists. Arguing that a personal AI is possible in principle, and that its accomplishments could be adjudicated by the Turing Test, the article suggests some of the moral issues involved in AI experimentation by comparing them to issues in medical experimentation. Finally, the article asks questions about the capacities and possibilities of such an artifact for making moral decisions. It is suggested that much a priori ethical thinking is necessary and that, that such a project cannot only stimulate our moral imaginations, but can also tell us much about our moral thinking and pedagogy, whether or not it is ever accomplished in fact.

THE AI MAGAZINE Summer, 1986 55 building one of the first stored-program digital computers, AI also had its share of controversy, however, at Rand the JOHNNIAC (see Figure 1) (Gruenberger, 1968);l and elsewhere. Given its quick rise to popularity and its George Dantzig and his associates were inventing linear ambitious predictions (Simon & Newell, 1958), AI soon programming (Dantzig, 1963); Les Ford and Ray Fulkerson had its critics, and one of the most prominent, Hubert were developing techniques for network flow analysis Dreyfus, published his famous critique of AI (Dreyfus, (Ford & Fulkerson, 1962); Richard Bellman was developing 1965) while he was consulting at Rand. In addition, the his ideas on dynamic programming (Bellman, 1953); early promise of automatic machine translation of text Herman Kahn was advancing techniques for Monte Carlo from one language to another (the emphasis at Rand was simulation (Kahn, 1955); Lloyd Shapley was revolutionizing on translation from Russian to English) produced only game theory (Shapley, 1951-1960); Stephen Kleene was modest systems, and the goal of fully automated machine advancing our understanding of finite automata (Kleene, translation was abandoned in the early 1960s.

Public opinion about artificial intelligence is schizophrenic. "It will never work" versus "It might cost me changes that are daily taking place in the This dichotomy of attitudes reflects a collective world because we read about them and know confusion about AI.

The Advanced Computational Methods Center (ACMC) established at the University of Georgia in 1984, supports several research projects in artificial intelligence. The primary goal of AI research at ACMC is the design and installation of a logic-programming environment with advanced natural language processing and knowledge-acquisition capabilities on the university's highly parallel CYBERPLUS system from Control Data Corporation. This article briefly describes current research projects in artificial intelligence at ACMC

AI Magazine Volume 7 Number 1 (1986) ( AAAI) of the crucial terms involved in his analysis, such as "probability" Mauadne 4(4):7-14 falsity of his claims is often impossible to assess. Nute, Donald k. '(1980) Topics in conditional logic Dordrecht, Holland: conceptions upon which his view is based do indeed conform M. Ringle, (Ed.), Philosophical Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence traditional conceptions should not be taken for granted, Terry L. Rankin his observation that "Probability theory is today our primary At hens, Georgia such as "average" and "likely," and therefore it is the most natural language for describing those aspects of (heuristic) performance that we seek to improve" (p. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: On general theoretical grounds, I think, there are excellent Five Overviews. Busi-reasons to suppose that (a)-(f) are fundamental ness/Technology Books; 1984. Gevarter's work was published by the National that serious difficulties seem to confront the theoretical Bureau of Standards as a set of five volumes, and this book, framework he apparently endorses, where these difficulties published by Business/Technology Books, is Gevarter's are especially severe from an epistemological perspective.

Granting all of this, the only complaint that schema constrains mental ascriptions once a system might be raised is altogether excusable, if not also entirely is specified; but it puts no limit on which systems should minor, i.e., that the material presented might not be so have mental states ascribed to them." "Supertrap" which strikes matches in the presence of gassoaked mice, topples dictionaries on mice, and, of course, Discursively considered, however, and especially for snaps shut whenever mice nibble its bait "These habits the purposes of AI research, these very same strengths can betray a common malevolent thread, which is generalizable be seen as weaknesses from the viewpoint of at least two by (and only by) ascribing a persistent goal: dead mice." Now it clearly aside, ascription is important for AI because it provides was not Pearlis aim to forestall alternative theories or to one more way to detect patterns that might otherwise go justify his own approach in contrast to ...

John Haugeland's discussion is generally very clear, concrete, accurate, and interesting. My main regret is that he does not take the space to more fully explore certain ideas.

This article presents a summary of past and current artificial intelligence research within the Computer Science Department at East Texas State University (ETSU). The Computer Science Department at ETSU offers a master of science degree with an emphasis in artificial intelligence. AI research, both past and present, has been funded by a grant from E-Systems, Greenville Division. AI research projects thus far have been implemented in Domain LISP on an Apollo DN300 computer system provided by E-Systems. Other computing facilities available for artificial intelligence research are four workstations, each providing up to 20 users with LISP and PROLOG interpreters. Involved in the research are faculty and students at ETSU and personnel from E-Systems.

The Center for Automation and Intelligent Systems monocrystal turbine blades for jet engines that are made Research at Case Western Reserve University, founded by investment casting. Essentially, the part is made by in 1984, provides the setting and the administrative and pouring liquid metal into a ceramic mold, but the environment funding mechanisms for coordinating and focusing the capabilities in which this is done must be tightly controlled. of faculty members and students from many There are several other subprocesses that are also tightly disciplines and departments to deal with significant realworld controlled, such as making the mold. The total process is too complex for a single expert The center serves as an interface between separate system; rather, several different expert systems are needed basic research efforts in the various disciplines and academic and should be coordinated in some way, perhaps by a more departments and the multidisciplinary group efforts global expert system. Currently, we are constructing an needed to deal effectively with nontrivial real problems. Wax patterns appear to be essential for the factory of the future.