Multi-modal transportation is a logistics problem in which a set of goods have to be transported to different places, with the combination of at least two modes of transport, without a change of container for the goods. The goal of this paper is to describe TIMIPLAN, a system that solves multi-modal transportation problems in the context of a project for a big company. In this paper, we combine Linear Programming (LP) with automated planning techniques in order to obtain good quality solutions. The direct use of classical LP techniques is difficult in this domain, because of the non-linearity of the optimization function and constraints; and planning algorithms cannot deal with the entire problem due to the large number of resources involved. We propose a new hybrid algorithm, combining LP and planning to tackle the multi-modal transportation problem, exploiting the benefits of both kinds of techniques. The system also integrates an execution component that monitors the execution, keeping track of failures and replans if necessary, maintaining most of the plan in execution. We also present some experimental results that show the performance of the system.

Monte-Carlo planning algorithms, such as UCT, select actions at each decision epoch by intelligently expanding a single search tree given the available time and then selecting the best root action. Recent work has provided evidence that it can be advantageous to instead construct an ensemble of search trees and to make a decision according to a weighted vote. However, these prior investigations have only considered the application domains of Go and Solitaire and were limited in the scope of ensemble configurations considered. In this paper, we conduct a more exhaustive empirical study of ensemble Monte-Carlo planning using the UCT algorithm in a set of six additional domains. In particular, we evaluate the advantages of a broad set of ensemble configurations in terms of space and time efficiency in both parallel and singlecore models. Our results demonstrate that ensembles are an effective way to improve performance per unit time given a parallel time model and performance per unit space in a single-core model. However, contrary to prior isolated observations, we did not find significant evidence that ensembles improve performance per unit time in a single-core model.

The hyper-modular printer control project at PARC has proven that a tightly integrated model-based planning and control framework can effectively control a complex physical system. Recently, we have successfully applied this framework to another application: planning for the Material Control System (MCS) of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) manufacturing plant in a joint project between the Embedded Reasoning Area at PARC and the Products Development Center at the IHI Corporation. The model-based planner created at PARC was able to successfully solve a diverse set of test scenarios provided by IHI, including those that were deemed very difficult by the IHI experts. The short projecttime (2 months) proved that model-based planning is a flexible framework that can adapt quickly to novel applications. In this paper, we will introduce this complex domain and describe the adaptation process of the Plantrol online planner. The main contributions are: (1) introducing a successful application of general-purpose planning; (2) outline the timeline-based online temporal planner; and (3) description of a complex warehouse management problem that can serve as an attractive benchmark domain for planning.

One approach to the problem of formulating domain models for planning is to learn the models from example action sequences. The LOCM system demonstrated the feasibility of learning domain models from example action sequences only, with no observation of states before, during or after the plans. LOCM uses an object-centred representation, in which each object is represented by a single parameterised state machine. This makes it powerful for learning domains which fit within that representation, but there are some well-known domains which do not. This paper introduces LOCM2, a novel algorithm in which the domain representation of LOCM is generalised to allow multiple parameterised state machines to represent a single object. This extends the coverage of domains for which an adequate domain model can be learned. The LOCM2 algorithm is described and evaluated by testing domain learning from example plans from published results of past International Planning Competitions.

This paper brings together work in stochastic modelling, using the process algebra PEPA, and work in automated planning. Stochastic modelling has been concerned with verification of system performance metrics for some time: given a model of a system, determining whether it will meet a service-level agreement (SLA). For example, whether a given sequence of transitions on a network will complete within 5 seconds 80% of the time. The problem of deciding how to reconfigure the system most cost-effectively when the SLA cannot be met has not been widely explored: it is currently solved manually. Inspired by this, we consider how planning can be used to automate the configuration of service-oriented systems. Configuring these stochastic systems presents new challenges to planning: building plans that meet SLAs, but also have low cost. To this end, we present a domain-independent planner for planning problems with action costs and stochastic durations, and show how this can be used to solve both traditional planning domains, and within the framework of configuring a larger process algebra model.

In this paper we present a planner, LPRPG-P, capable of reasoning with the non-temporal subset of PDDL 3 preferences. Our focus is on computation of relaxed plan based heuristics that effectively guide a planner towards good solutions satisfying preferences. We build on the planner LPRPG, a hybrid relaxed planning graph (RPG)--linear programming (LP) approach. We make extensions to the RPG to reason with propositional preferences, and to the LP to reason with numeric preferences. LPRPG-P is the first planner with direct guidance for numeric preference satisfaction, exploiting the strong numeric reasoning of the LP. We introduce an anytime search approach for use with our new heuristic, and present results showing that LPRPG-P extends the state of the art in domain-independent planning with preferences.

Most planning formalisms allow instances with shortest plans of exponential length. While such instances are problematic, they are usually unavoidable and can occur in practice. There are several known cases of restricted planning problems where plans can be exponential but always have a compact (ie. polynomial) representation, often using recursive macros. Such compact representations are important since exponential plans are difficult both to use and to understand. We show that these results do not extend to the general case, by proving a number of bounds for compact representations of plans under various criteria, like efficient sequential or random access of actions. Further, we show that it is unlikely to get around this by reformulating planning into some other problem. The results are discussed in the context of abstraction, macros and plan explanation.

We address a scheduling problem in the context of military aircraft maintenance where the goal is to meet the aircraft requirements for a number of missions in the presence of breakdowns. The assignment of aircraft to a mission must consider the requirements for the mission, the probability of aircraft failure, and capacity of the repair shop that maintains the aircraft. Therefore, a solution both assigns aircraft to missions and schedules the repair shop to meet the assignments. We propose a dispatching heuristic algorithm; three complete approaches based on mixed integer programming, constraint programming, and logic-based Benders decomposition; and a hybrid heuristic-complete approach. Experiments demonstrate that the logic-based Benders variation combining mixed integer programming and constraint programming outperforms the other approaches, that the dispatching heuristic can feasibly schedule the repair shop in a very short time, and that using the dispatching solution as a bound marginally improves the complete approaches.

Conformant planning can be formulated as a path-finding problem in belief space where the two main challenges are the heuristics to guide the search, and the representation and update of beliefs. In the translation-based approach recently introduced by Palacios and Geffner, the two aspects are handled together by translating conformant problems into classical ones that are solved with classical planners. While competitive with state-of-the-art methods, the translation-based approach runs however into three difficulties. First, complete translations are expensive for problems with high width; second, incomplete translations can generate infinite heuristic values for problems that are solvable; and third, aspects that are specific to the conformant setting, such as the cardinality of beliefs, are not accounted for. In this work, we build on the translation-based approach but not for solving conformant problems with a classical planner but for deriving heuristics and computing beliefs in the context of a standard belief-space planner. For this, a novel translation KSi is introduced that is always complete, but which is sound for problems with width bounded by i. A new conformant planner, called T1, builds then on this translation for i=1, extending the heuristic that results with a second heuristic obtained from invariant "oneof expressions". A number of experiments is performed to compare T1 with state-of-the-art conformant planners.

Program committee for the Twenty-First International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, held in Freiburg, Germany, on June 11–16, 2011.