This is traditionally done with tne aid of a computer programmer acting as intermediary. The dire_t transfer of knowledge from an expert to the system requires a natural-language processor capable of handling a substantial subset of English. The development of such a natural-language processor is a long-term goal of automating knowledge acquisition; faciliting the interface between the expert and the system is a first step toward this goal. This paper describes BAUBAb, a program designed and implemented for hYCIN (Shortliffe 1974), a medical consultation system for infectious disease diagnosis and therapy selection. EAUdAb is concerned with the problem of parsing - recognizing natural language sentences aad encoding tnem into MICIN's internal representation. For this purpose, it uses a semantic grammar in whicft tne non-terminal symools denote semantic categories (e.g., infections and symptoms), or conceptual categories wnicn are common tools of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence (e.g.

For This paper and the following one' describe the current effort most applications the familiar geometric point group is chosen to provide the CONG EN (for constrained structure generation) .22 In some spectroscopic applications It is necessary to take program with stereochemical capabilities.* This paper is primarily internal motion into account and specify a nonrigid symmetry concerned with the chemical and mathematical theory group.2b For applications in dynamic stereochemistry it is necessary to this effort. The following paper is concerned primarily necessary to consider the group of all permutations of identical with novel algorithms and the computer implementation.7 atoms and often several subgroups.3 Symmetry groups that A third paper considers the theory in greater mathematical include the point group and operations that invert chiral centers detail with some extensions to other topics.' are useful both in constructing chirality functions4 and in specifying the pseudochirality of a structure.5

We view this process as occurring in several stages, which together form a data hierarchy (Figure 3.1). The hierarchy offers an overview of DSS function and suggests a task partitioning suitable for a contract net approach.

The discussion centers on a specific video terminal designed and constructed by the authors. This terminal is based on the Intel 8080 microprocessor and is equipped with software sufficient to emiflate the characteristics of standard video terminals required by eral available screen -oriented text editors in common use at sites throughout the ARPAnet (such as E [Samuel, 1978] and TV-Edit [kanerva, 1975]). Screen-oriented editors2 differ from other editors In their use of high-speed video terminals to display the contents of large sections of a file being edited. As editing operations are performed, the display Is revised to indicate their effects on the file (i.e., editing operates In a What you see is what you get mode). Such editors require ter.linals capable of primitive text-processing operations, such as inserting a character in a line of text by shifting the existing characters. In addition to such capabilities, the terminal is typically expected to support 8-bit transmission (instead of the usual 7 bits plus parity), selectable modes for displaying characters (e.g., normal or inverse video, blinking, or dual intensity), and an 80-character line width.

Understanding the history of the development process that,ad ever been constructed and tested. of a body of Ideas IV, and V (all 1557-panel chose to range oroadly over the "prehistory" 59. Seminally related to These events were of the field--from the Greeks througn pacers Dy Newell (1955) on an adaptive anees post-war cybernetics. Not discussed in detail macnine and by Simon on a Dehavioral theory of were the critical intellectual events of the rational choice and the influence of the environment formative period. These two papers of Simon were in a sense Inc culmination attention. It IS That were written to test ideas. Similarly, the General support from Rocnester, proceeded to program the:;eometry Theorem?rover.

ABSTReCT The research activities of the Heuristic Programming Project, for the four-year period ending July 31, 1977, are summarized in this report. Contributions to Knowledge Engineering research in the fields of knowledge acquisition (both interactive and automated), knowledge representation and knowledge utilization were reported in over thirty publications by members of the project. A summary of those publications is?resented here. The Al Handbook, an encyclopedic reference to the field of::tificial Intelligence, is described in the appendix, along with the excecteç table of contents and sample articles.

In the early days of computing, these goals were central to the new discipline called cybernetics [126], [2]. Over the past two decades, progress toward these goals has come from a variety of fields - notably computer science, psychology, adaptive control theory, pattern recognition, and philosophy. Substantial progress has been made in developing techniques for machine learning in highly restricted environments.

Accepted February The author is grateful to C. Djerassi for encouragement to 13, 1978. Work supported by the National Institutes of Health publish these findings and for reading the manuscript.

Success of a knowledge-based program depends on both competence and acceptability. It must perform well for it to be worth using, but is must be acceptable to users for it to be used. There are many dimensions to developing competent and acceptable knowledge based systems which can serve as "intelligent af.sistants-for problem solvers in science (see Shortliffe and Davis, 1975). One of these is the old Al problem of representation of knowledge. Since most previous work on representation has stressed its importance for problem-solving (e.g.

Reprinted with permission from Analytical Chemistry, August 1976, Vol.48, No.9, pp.1368-1375.