In recent years, differentiable penalized likelihood methods have gained popularity, optimizing the causal structure by maximizing its likelihood with respect to the data. However, recent research has shown that errors in likelihood estimation, even on relatively large sample sizes, disallow the discovery of proper structures. We propose a new approach to amortized causal discovery that addresses the limitations of likelihood estimator accuracy. Our method leverages Prior-Fitted Networks (PFNs) to amortize data-dependent likelihood estimation, yielding more reliable scores for structure learning. Experiments on synthetic, simulated, and real-world datasets show significant gains in structure recovery compared to standard baselines. Furthermore, we demonstrate directly that PFNs provide more accurate likelihood estimates than conventional neural network-based approaches.

Adaptive behavior in volatile environments requires agents to deploy different value-control regimes across latent contexts, but representing separate preferences, policy biases, and action confidence for every situation is intractable. We introduce value profiles: a small set of reusable bundles of value-related parameters--outcome preferences, policy priors, and policy precision--that are assigned to hidden states in the generative model. As posterior beliefs over states evolve trial-by-trial, effective control parameters emerge through belief-weighted mixing, enabling state-conditional strategy recruitment without maintaining independent parameters for each situation. We evaluate this framework in probabilistic reversal learning, comparing static precision, entropy-coupled dynamic precision, and profile-based models using cross-validated log-likelihood and information criteria. Model comparison using AIC favors the profile-based model over simpler alternatives ( 100-point differences), with consistent parameter recovery demonstrating structural identifiability even when context must be inferred from noisy observations. Model-based inference suggests that, in this task, adaptive control operates primarily through policy prior modulation rather than policy precision modulation, with gradual belief-driven profile recruitment confirming state-conditional rather than merely uncertainty-driven control. Overall, reusable value profiles provide a tractable computational account of belief-conditioned value control in volatile environments, providing a reusable, mode-like representational scheme for behavioral flexibility that yields testable signatures of belief-conditioned control.

Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), a popular method for high-dimensional regression, is now used widely for estimating high-dimensional time series models such as the vector autoregression (VAR). Selecting its tuning parameter efficiently and accurately remains a challenge, despite the abundance of available methods for doing so. We propose $\mathsf{autotune}$, a strategy for Lasso to automatically tune itself by optimizing a penalized Gaussian log-likelihood alternately over regression coefficients and noise standard deviation. Using extensive simulation experiments on regression and VAR models, we show that $\mathsf{autotune}$ is faster, and provides better generalization and model selection than established alternatives in low signal-to-noise regimes. In the process, $\mathsf{autotune}$ provides a new estimator of noise standard deviation that can be used for high-dimensional inference, and a new visual diagnostic procedure for checking the sparsity assumption on regression coefficients. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of $\mathsf{autotune}$ on a real-world financial data set. An R package based on C++ is also made publicly available on Github.

More UK families will know what sacrifice for our nation means as the nation seeks to deter a potential confrontation with Russia, the head of the military has said. Sir Richard Knighton said the country's security cannot be outsourced to the armed forces and requires a whole-of-society response, including harnessing UK universities and manufacturing. While the chief of the defence staff suggested there was only a remote chance of Russia directly attacking the UK, he told an event at the Royal United Services Institute that so-called hybrid attacks showed the threat was worsening . He referenced a Russian spy ship that was recently suspected of mapping undersea cables near UK waters. Every day the UK is subject to an onslaught of cyber-attacks from Russia and we know that Russian agents are seeking to conduct sabotage and have killed on our shores, he added.

The Trump administration launches Tech Force initiative to recruit 1,000 early-career technologists for AI modernization across federal agencies over two years.

Things to Do in L.A. Hollywood director Rob Reiner engineered Proposition 10, a 1998 tobacco tax that created First 5 California, generating more than $11 billion for early childhood programs statewide. This is read by an automated voice. Please report any issues or inconsistencies here . After his tragic death Sunday, the world remembers Rob Reiner as a cinematic force -- and he was one, as an unforgettable presence on the ambitious 1970s sitcom "All in the Family" and later as the director of beloved films. I came to know him differently: as a restless thinker who transformed his own life story into bold public policy, reshaping how California understands and invests in its youngest children.

If a major disaster like Fukushima or Chernobyl ever happens again, the world would know almost straight away, thanks to an array of government and DIY radiation-monitoring programs running globally.

Analysis of 20,186 songs from the Billboard Top 100 indicates that the lyrics are also more simple. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. Debating the merits of today's popular music versus the hits of the past is largely a matter of taste. But regardless of your opinion on the subject, one thing is clear: pop music is objectively darker and more stressful than ever. The compelling statistics are laid out in a study by University of Vienna psychologists recently published in the journal .

How the US left Ukraine exposed to Russia's winter war Will Europe use frozen Russian assets to fund war? How can Ukraine rebuild China ties? Ukraine has carried out a successful underwater drone strike on a Russian submarine in the port of Novorossiysk, causing critical damage to the vessel, its domestic security service says. In a statement on Monday, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) said the Kilo-class submarine was knocked out of operation in the first such attack by Sea Baby drones. The SBU said the submarine "carried four Kalibr cruise missile launchers" used to strike Ukrainian territory.

Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. A newborn star 15,000 light-years from Earth is fascinating astronomers with its dual blasts of superheated plasma jets . The rare sight captured in stunning detail by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) isn't only a display of cosmic forces. It's helping solve a decades' long debate about the origins of massive stellar objects. Located at the edge of the Milky Way galaxy inside a nebula known as Sharpless 2-284 (Sh2-284), the young protostar is already upwards of 10 times the mass of our sun .