Segmentation of curvilinear structures such as vasculature and road networks is challenging due to relatively weak signals and complex geometry/topology.

Homomorphic encryption has recently attracted attention as a key solution to preserve privacy in machine learning applications.

Totackle with arange of noise levels, the training images are corrupted by Gaussian noisewithσ randomly chosefrom[0,50]. Swin transformer: Hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows.