Datasets can be biased due to societal inequities, human biases, underrepresentation of minorities, etc.

Define = log (M2H / ).

It has been proved that the SGD method can obtain a convergence rate of O(T 1/4) [Ghadimi and Lan, 2013], whereT is the iteration number.

Proxy causal learning (PCL) isamethod forestimating thecausal effectoftreatments on outcomes in the presence of unobserved confounding, usingproxies (structured side information) for the confounder.

In this problem, the learner is given observational data - a set of examples selected according to some policy along with their labels - as well as access to the policy that selects the examples, and the goal is to construct a classifier with high performance on an entire population, notjusttheobservational data distribution.

Neural Information Processing Systems http://nips.cc/

It takes considerable resources to train complex models on a rich data population.

This paper introduces a novel, integrated approach AHA ( A daptive H uman-A ssisted OOD learning) to simultaneously address both OOD generalization and detection through a human-assisted framework by labeling data in the wild.