South America
Machine Learning in Retail Market Study Report (2019-2027), Competitive Analysis, Proposal Strategy, Potential Targets, Assessment And Recommendations
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Interactive Evolution and Exploration Within Latent Level-Design Space of Generative Adversarial Networks
Schrum, Jacob, Gutierrez, Jake, Volz, Vanessa, Liu, Jialin, Lucas, Simon, Risi, Sebastian
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are an emerging form of indirect encoding. The GAN is trained to induce a latent space on training data, and a real-valued evolutionary algorithm can search that latent space. Such Latent Variable Evolution (LVE) has recently been applied to game levels. However, it is hard for objective scores to capture level features that are appealing to players. Therefore, this paper introduces a tool for interactive LVE of tile-based levels for games. The tool also allows for direct exploration of the latent dimensions, and allows users to play discovered levels. The tool works for a variety of GAN models trained for both Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda, and is easily generalizable to other games. A user study shows that both the evolution and latent space exploration features are appreciated, with a slight preference for direct exploration, but combining these features allows users to discover even better levels. User feedback also indicates how this system could eventually grow into a commercial design tool, with the addition of a few enhancements.
A Clustering Framework for Lexical Normalization of Roman Urdu
Khan, Abdul Rafae, Karim, Asim, Sajjad, Hassan, Kamiran, Faisal, Xu, Jia
Roman Urdu is an informal form of the Urdu language written in Roman script, which is widely used in South Asia for online textual content. It lacks standard spelling and hence poses several normalization challenges during automatic language processing. In this article, we present a feature-based clustering framework for the lexical normalization of Roman Urdu corpora, which includes a phonetic algorithm UrduPhone, a string matching component, a feature-based similarity function, and a clustering algorithm Lex-Var. UrduPhone encodes Roman Urdu strings to their pronunciation-based representations. The string matching component handles character-level variations that occur when writing Urdu using Roman script.
A Comparison of Metric Learning Loss Functions for End-To-End Speaker Verification
Coria, Juan M., Bredin, Hervé, Ghannay, Sahar, Rosset, Sophie
Despite the growing popularity of metric learning approaches, very little work has attempted to perform a fair comparison of these techniques for speaker verification. We try to fill this gap and compare several metric learning loss functions in a systematic manner on the VoxCeleb dataset. The first family of loss functions is derived from the cross entropy loss (usually used for supervised classification) and includes the congenerous cosine loss, the additive angular margin loss, and the center loss. The second family of loss functions focuses on the similarity between training samples and includes the contrastive loss and the triplet loss. We show that the additive angular margin loss function outperforms all other loss functions in the study, while learning more robust representations. Based on a combination of SincNet trainable features and the x-vector architecture, the network used in this paper brings us a step closer to a really-end-to-end speaker verification system, when combined with the additive angular margin loss, while still being competitive with the x-vector baseline. In the spirit of reproducible research, we also release open source Python code for reproducing our results, and share pretrained PyTorch models on torch.hub that can be used either directly or after fine-tuning.
On the Integration of LinguisticFeatures into Statistical and Neural Machine Translation
New machine translations (MT) technologies are emerging rapidly and with them, bold claims of achieving human parity such as: (i) the results produced approach "accuracy achieved by average bilingual human translators" (Wu et al., 2017b) or (ii) the "translation quality is at human parity when compared to professional human translators" (Hassan et al., 2018) have seen the light of day (Laubli et al., 2018). Aside from the fact that many of these papers craft their own definition of human parity, these sensational claims are often not supported by a complete analysis of all aspects involved in translation. Establishing the discrepancies between the strengths of statistical approaches to MT and the way humans translate has been the starting point of our research. By looking at MT output and linguistic theory, we were able to identify some remaining issues. The problems range from simple number and gender agreement errors to more complex phenomena such as the correct translation of aspectual values and tenses. Our experiments confirm, along with other studies (Bentivogli et al., 2016), that neural MT has surpassed statistical MT in many aspects. However, some problems remain and others have emerged. We cover a series of problems related to the integration of specific linguistic features into statistical and neural MT, aiming to analyse and provide a solution to some of them. Our work focuses on addressing three main research questions that revolve around the complex relationship between linguistics and MT in general. We identify linguistic information that is lacking in order for automatic translation systems to produce more accurate translations and integrate additional features into the existing pipelines. We identify overgeneralization or 'algorithmic bias' as a potential drawback of neural MT and link it to many of the remaining linguistic issues.
The European Language Technology Landscape in 2020: Language-Centric and Human-Centric AI for Cross-Cultural Communication in Multilingual Europe
Rehm, Georg, Marheinecke, Katrin, Hegele, Stefanie, Piperidis, Stelios, Bontcheva, Kalina, Hajič, Jan, Choukri, Khalid, Vasiļjevs, Andrejs, Backfried, Gerhard, Prinz, Christoph, Pérez, José Manuel Gómez, Meertens, Luc, Lukowicz, Paul, van Genabith, Josef, Lösch, Andrea, Slusallek, Philipp, Irgens, Morten, Gatellier, Patrick, Köhler, Joachim, Bars, Laure Le, Anastasiou, Dimitra, Auksoriūtė, Albina, Bel, Núria, Branco, António, Budin, Gerhard, Daelemans, Walter, De Smedt, Koenraad, Garabík, Radovan, Gavriilidou, Maria, Gromann, Dagmar, Koeva, Svetla, Krek, Simon, Krstev, Cvetana, Lindén, Krister, Magnini, Bernardo, Odijk, Jan, Ogrodniczuk, Maciej, Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur, Rosner, Mike, Pedersen, Bolette Sandford, Skadiņa, Inguna, Tadić, Marko, Tufiş, Dan, Váradi, Tamás, Vider, Kadri, Way, Andy, Yvon, François
Multilingualism is a cultural cornerstone of Europe and firmly anchored in the European treaties including full language equality. However, language barriers impacting business, cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication are still omnipresent. Language Technologies (LTs) are a powerful means to break down these barriers. While the last decade has seen various initiatives that created a multitude of approaches and technologies tailored to Europe's specific needs, there is still an immense level of fragmentation. At the same time, AI has become an increasingly important concept in the European Information and Communication Technology area. For a few years now, AI, including many opportunities, synergies but also misconceptions, has been overshadowing every other topic. We present an overview of the European LT landscape, describing funding programmes, activities, actions and challenges in the different countries with regard to LT, including the current state of play in industry and the LT market. We present a brief overview of the main LT-related activities on the EU level in the last ten years and develop strategic guidance with regard to four key dimensions.
Improving Emergency Department ESI Acuity Assignment Using Machine Learning and Clinical Natural Language Processing
Ivanov, Oleksandr, Wolf, Lisa, Brecher, Deena, Masek, Kevin, Lewis, Erica, Liu, Stephen, Dunne, Robert B, Klauer, Kevin, Montgomery, Kyla, Andrieiev, Yurii, McLaughlin, Moss, Reilly, Christian
Effective triage is critical to mitigating the effect of increased volume by accurately determining patient acuity, need for resources, and establishing effective acuity-based patient prioritization. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether historical EHR data can be extracted and synthesized with clinical natural language processing (C-NLP) and the latest ML algorithms (KATE) to produce highly accurate ESI predictive models. An ML model (KATE) for the triage process was developed using 166,175 patient encounters from two participating hospitals. The model was then tested against a gold set that was derived from a random sample of triage encounters at the study sites and correct acuity assignments were recorded by study clinicians using the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) standard as a guide. At the two study sites, KATE predicted accurate ESI acuity assignments 75.9% of the time, compared to nurses (59.8%) and average individual study clinicians (75.3%). KATE accuracy was 26.9% higher than the average nurse accuracy (p-value < 0.0001). On the boundary between ESI 2 and ESI 3 acuity assignments, which relates to the risk of decompensation, KATE was 93.2% higher with 80% accuracy, compared to triage nurses with 41.4% accuracy (p-value < 0.0001). KATE provides a triage acuity assignment substantially more accurate than the triage nurses in this study sample. KATE operates independently of contextual factors, unaffected by the external pressures that can cause under triage and may mitigate the racial and social biases that can negatively affect the accuracy of triage assignment. Future research should focus on the impact of KATE providing feedback to triage nurses in real time, KATEs impact on mortality and morbidity, ED throughput, resource optimization, and nursing outcomes.
A hybrid optimization procedure for solving a tire curing scheduling problem
Velázquez, Joaquín, Cancela, Héctor, Piñeyro, Pedro
This paper addresses a lot-sizing and scheduling problem variant arising from the study of the curing process of a tire factory. The aim is to find the minimum makespan needed for producing enough tires to meet the demand requirements on time, considering the availability and compatibility of different resources involved. To solve this problem, we suggest a hybrid approach that consists in first applying a heuristic to obtain an estimated value of the makespan and then solving a mathematical model to determine the minimum value. We note that the size of the model (number of variables and constraints) depends significantly on the estimated makespan. Extensive numerical experiments over different instances based on real data are presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid procedure proposed. From the results obtained we can note that the hybrid approach is able to achieve the optimal makespan for many of the instances, even large ones, since the results provided by the heuristic allow to reduce significantly the size of the mathematical model.