Electroencephalograms (EEG) are a noninvasive longstanding medical modality that measures the brain's activity by recording the electromagnetic field at the scalp. Since its creation, EEG has played a fundamental role in understanding several major neurological disorders, by analyzing their manifestation into brain rhythms. For example, the study of deceases such as depression, age-related cognitive deterioration, epilepsy, anxiety disorders and subnormal brain development in children have benefited from this technology. The typical brain rhythms are distinguished by their different frequency ranges, called delta (δ) within the range 0.5 to 4Hz, theta (θ) within the range 4 to 7.5Hz, alpha (α) within the range 8 to 13Hz, beta (β) within the range 14 to 30Hz, and gamma (γ) within the range 30 to 64Hz. In this study, we focus on the brain rhythm called mu (µ) within the range 7.5 to 11.5Hz. Mu-waves are considered to emerge naturally and may convey information about what the functioning of brain hierarchies [1]. According to [2], there exist three historical theoretical hypotheses to explaining the mu-brain rhythm: i) the neuronal hyperexcitability related to the rolandic cortex; ii) the superficial cortical inhibition explaining its suppression with motor activity; and iii) the somatosensory cortical idling, related to the afference-dependent phenomenon.

Integrating datasets from different disciplines is hard because the data are often qualitatively different in meaning, scale, and reliability. When two datasets describe the same entities, many scientific questions can be phrased around whether the similarities between entities are conserved. Our method, CLARITY, quantifies consistency across datasets, identifies where inconsistencies arise, and aids in their interpretation. We explore three diverse comparisons: Gene Methylation vs Gene Expression, evolution of language sounds vs word use, and country-level economic metrics vs cultural beliefs. The nonparametric approach is robust to noise and differences in scaling, and makes only weak assumptions about how the data were generated. It operates by decomposing similarities into two components: the'structural' component analogous to a clustering, and an underlying'relationship' between those structures. This allows a'structural comparison' between two similarity matrices using their predictability from'structure'. The software, CLARITY, is available as an R package from github.com/danjlawson/CLARITY.

In this paper, we consider online continuous DR-submodular maximization with linear stochastic long-term constraints. Compared to the prior work on online submodular maximization, our setting introduces the extra complication of stochastic linear constraint functions that are i.i.d. generated at each round. To be precise, at step $t\in\{1,\dots,T\}$, a DR-submodular utility function $f_t(\cdot)$ and a constraint vector $p_t$, i.i.d. generated from an unknown distribution with mean $p$, are revealed after committing to an action $x_t$ and we aim to maximize the overall utility while the expected cumulative resource consumption $\sum_{t=1}^T \langle p,x_t\rangle$ is below a fixed budget $B_T$. Stochastic long-term constraints arise naturally in applications where there is a limited budget or resource available and resource consumption at each step is governed by stochastically time-varying environments. We propose the Online Lagrangian Frank-Wolfe (OLFW) algorithm to solve this class of online problems. We analyze the performance of the OLFW algorithm and we obtain sub-linear regret bounds as well as sub-linear cumulative constraint violation bounds, both in expectation and with high probability.

Having been collected for its primary purpose in patient care, Observational Health Data (OHD) can further benefit patient well-being by sustaining the development of health informatics. However, the potential for secondary usage of OHD continues to be hampered by the fiercely private nature of patient-related data. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) have Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) have recently emerged as a groundbreaking approach to efficiently learn generative models that produce realistic Synthetic Data (SD). However, the application of GAN to OHD seems to have been lagging in comparison to other fields. We conducted a review of GAN algorithms for OHD in the published literature, and report our findings here.

Bayesian neural Networks (BNNs) are a promising method of obtaining statistical uncertainties for neural network predictions but with a higher computational overhead which can limit their practical usage. This work explores the use of high performance computing with distributed training to address the challenges of training BNNs at scale. We present a performance and scalability comparison of training the VGG-16 and Resnet-18 models on a Cray-XC40 cluster. We demonstrate that network pruning can speed up inference without accuracy loss and provide an open source software package, {\it{BPrune}} to automate this pruning. For certain models we find that pruning up to 80\% of the network results in only a 7.0\% loss in accuracy. With the development of new hardware accelerators for Deep Learning, BNNs are of considerable interest for benchmarking performance. This analysis of training a BNN at scale outlines the limitations and benefits compared to a conventional neural network.

The statistical imprecision of quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) estimates, along with the fact that the first estimate is available with a delay of nearly a month, pose a significant challenge to policy makers, market participants, and other observers with an interest in monitoring the state of the economy in real time; see, e.g., Ghysels, Horan, and Moench (2018) for a recent discussion of macroeconomic data revision and publication delays. A term originated in meteorology, nowcasting pertains to the prediction of the present and very near future. Nowcasting is intrinsically a mixed frequency data problem as the object of interest is a low-frequency data series (e.g., quarterly GDP), whereas the real-time information (e.g., daily, weekly, or monthly) can be used to update the state, or to put it differently, to nowcast the low-frequency series of interest. Traditional methods used for nowcasting rely on dynamic factor models that treat the underlying low frequency series of interest as a latent process with high frequency data noisy observations. These models are naturally cast in a state-space form and inference can be performed using likelihood-based methods and Kalman filtering techniques; see Bańbura, Giannone, Modugno, and Reichlin (2013) for a recent survey.

"We didn't learn the lesson on SARS and MERS," UK prime minister Boris Johnson said today as he faced questions from the House of Commons Liaison Committee, referencing the government's pandemic planning and a lack of capacity at Public Health England to detect outbreaks of coronavirus around the country. He also said that there would not be an official inquiry to investigate whether his senior aide Dominic Cummings broke lockdown rules. More than 40 Conservative party MPs have now called for Cummings' resignation. During the meeting, Johnson announced that England's test and trace system will be launched tomorrow. Under the new system, contact tracers will ask people who test positive for coronavirus to self-isolate for 14 days, regardless of symptoms, and to provide details of any recent close contacts. The secretary of state will have the power to "mandate" people to isolate if they do not isolate voluntarily. The government announced earlier today that localised lockdowns, ...

Dr Luciano Zuccarello grew up in the shadow of Mount Etna, an active volcano on the Italian island of Sicily. Farms and orchards ring the lower slopes of the volcano, where the fertile soil is ideal for agriculture. But the volcano looms large in the life of locals because it is also one of the most active volcanoes in the world. More than 29 million people globally live within 10km of a volcano, and understanding volcanoes' behaviour – and being able to predict when they are going to erupt or spew ash into the air – is vital for safeguarding people's wellbeing. However, predicting volcano behaviour is difficult, especially if they have been dormant, and monitoring them can be challenging since taking samples or deploying equipment poses physical dangers.

Only 38 per cent of people supported the UK government's change to coronavirus restrictions announced on 10 May, compared to 90 per cent of people who said they supported the lockdown measures announced on 23 March, according to a survey conducted by researchers at King's College London and Ipsos MORI. The measures brought in on 10 May largely affected England. They included a stronger emphasis on people going to work if they are unable to work from home, encouraging people to avoid public transport as much as possible, letting people exercise outside more than once a day and allowing people to meet up with one person from a household other than their own, providing the meeting takes place outside and at a distance of at least 2 metres. The poll, which surveyed 2254 people in the UK aged 16 to 75, was conducted between 20 and 22 May, before it emerged that prime ministerial aide Dominic Cummings drove more than 260 miles from home with his son and ill wife in March, at a time when the ...

Intelligent services provide the power of AI to developers via simple RESTful API endpoints, abstracting away many complexities of machine learning. However, most of these intelligent services-such as computer vision-continually learn with time. When the internals within the abstracted 'black box' become hidden and evolve, pitfalls emerge in the robustness of applications that depend on these evolving services. Without adapting the way developers plan and construct projects reliant on intelligent services, significant gaps and risks result in both project planning and development. Therefore, how can software engineers best mitigate software evolution risk moving forward, thereby ensuring that their own applications maintain quality? Our proposal is an architectural tactic designed to improve intelligent service-dependent software robustness. The tactic involves creating an application-specific benchmark dataset baselined against an intelligent service, enabling evolutionary behaviour changes to be mitigated. A technical evaluation of our implementation of this architecture demonstrates how the tactic can identify 1,054 cases of substantial confidence evolution and 2,461 cases of substantial changes to response label sets using a dataset consisting of 331 images that evolve when sent to a service.