Much recent research has shed light on the development of the relation-dependent but content-independent framework for social spammer detection. This is largely because the relation among users is difficult to be altered when spammers attempt to conceal their malicious intents. Our study investigates the spammer detection problem in the context of multi-relation social networks, and makes an attempt to fully exploit the sequences of heterogeneous relations for enhancing the detection accuracy. Specifically, we present the Multi-level Dependency Model (MDM). The MDM is able to exploit user's long-term dependency hidden in their relational sequences along with short-term dependency. Moreover, MDM fully considers short-term relational sequences from the perspectives of individual-level and union-level, due to the fact that the type of short-term sequences is multi-folds. Experimental results on a real-world multi-relational social network demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed MDM on multi-relational social spammer detection.

Fairness in machine learning has received considerable attention. However, most studies on fair learning focus on either supervised learning or unsupervised learning. Very few consider semi-supervised settings. Yet, in reality, most machine learning tasks rely on large datasets that contain both labeled and unlabeled data. One of key issues with fair learning is the balance between fairness and accuracy. Previous studies arguing that increasing the size of the training set can have a better trade-off. We believe that increasing the training set with unlabeled data may achieve the similar result. Hence, we develop a framework for fair semi-supervised learning, which is formulated as an optimization problem. This includes classifier loss to optimize accuracy, label propagation loss to optimize unlabled data prediction, and fairness constraints over labeled and unlabeled data to optimize the fairness level. The framework is conducted in logistic regression and support vector machines under the fairness metrics of disparate impact and disparate mistreatment. We theoretically analyze the source of discrimination in semi-supervised learning via bias, variance and noise decomposition. Extensive experiments show that our method is able to achieve fair semi-supervised learning, and reach a better trade-off between accuracy and fairness than fair supervised learning.

In this paper, we expand on our previous research of the potential for abuse of generative language models by assessing GPT-3. Experimenting with prompts representative of different types of extremist narrative, structures of social interaction, and radical ideologies, we find that GPT-3 demonstrates significant improvement over its predecessor, GPT-2, in generating extremist texts. We also show GPT-3's strength in generating text that accurately emulates interactive, informational, and influential content that could be utilized for radicalizing individuals into violent far-right extremist ideologies and behaviors. While OpenAI's preventative measures are strong, the possibility of unregulated copycat technology represents significant risk for large-scale online radicalization and recruitment; thus, in the absence of safeguards, successful and efficient weaponization that requires little experimentation is likely. AI stakeholders, the policymaking community, and governments should begin investing as soon as possible in building social norms, public policy, and educational initiatives to preempt an influx of machine-generated disinformation and propaganda. Mitigation will require effective policy and partnerships across industry, government, and civil society.

In the recent past, there has been a growing interest in Neural-Symbolic Integration frameworks, i.e., hybrid systems that integrate connectionist and symbolic approaches: on the one hand, neural networks show remarkable abilities to learn from a large amount of data in presence of noise, on the other, pure symbolic methods can perform reasoning as well as learning from few samples. By combining the two paradigms, it should be possible to obtain a system that can both learn from data and apply inference over some background knowledge. Here we propose KENN (Knowledge Enhanced Neural Networks), a Neural-Symbolic architecture that injects prior knowledge, codified in a set of universally quantified FOL clauses, into a neural network model. In KENN, clauses are used to generate a new final layer of the neural network which modifies the initial predictions based on the knowledge. Among the advantages of this strategy, there is the possibility to include additional learnable parameters, the clause weights, each of which represents the strength of a specific clause. We evaluated KENN on two standard datasets for multi-label classification, showing that the injection of clauses, automatically extracted from the training data, sensibly improves the performances. In a further experiment with manually curated knowledge, KENN outperformed state-of-the-art methods on the VRD Dataset, where the task is to classify relationships between detected objects in images. Finally, to evaluate how KENN deals with relational data, we tested it with different learning configurations on Citeseer, a standard dataset for Collective Classification. The obtained results show that KENN is capable of increasing the performances of the underlying neural network even in the presence of relational data obtaining results in line with other methods that combine learning with logic.

It has become increasingly challenging to distinguish real faces from their visually realistic fake counterparts, due to the great advances of deep learning based face manipulation techniques in recent years. In this paper, we introduce a deep learning method to detect face manipulation. It consists of two stages: feature extraction and binary classification. To better distinguish fake faces from real faces, we resort to the triplet loss function in the first stage. We then design a simple linear classification network to bridge the learned contrastive features with the real/fake faces. Experimental results on public benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, and show that it generates better performance than state-of-the-art techniques in most cases.

Skin cancer is by far in top-3 of the world's most common cancer. Among different skin cancer types, melanoma is particularly dangerous because of its ability to metastasize. Early detection is the key to success in skin cancer treatment. However, skin cancer diagnosis is still a challenge, even for experienced dermatologists, due to strong resemblances between benign and malignant lesions. To aid dermatologists in skin cancer diagnosis, we developed a deep learning system that can effectively and automatically classify skin lesions into one of the seven classes: (1) Actinic Keratoses, (2) Basal Cell Carcinoma, (3) Benign Keratosis, (4) Dermatofibroma, (5) Melanocytic nevi, (6) Melanoma, (7) Vascular Skin Lesion. The HAM10000 dataset was used to train the system. An end-to-end deep learning process, transfer learning technique, utilizing multiple pre-trained models, combining with class-weighted and focal loss were applied for the classification process. The result was that our ensemble of modified ResNet50 models can classify skin lesions into one of the seven classes with top-1, top-2 and top-3 accuracy 93%, 97% and 99%, respectively. This deep learning system can potentially be integrated into computer-aided diagnosis systems that support dermatologists in skin cancer diagnosis.

Identity-based patterns for which a computational model needs to output some feature together with a copy of that feature are computationally challenging, but pose no problems to human learners and are common in world's languages. In this paper, we test whether a neural network can learn an identity-based pattern in speech called reduplication. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to test identity-based patterns in deep convolutional networks trained on raw continuous data. Unlike existing proposals, we test learning in an unsupervised manner and we train the network on raw acoustic data. We use the ciwGAN architecture (Begu\v{s} 2020; arXiv:2006.02951) in which learning of meaningful representations in speech emerges from a requirement that the deep convolutional network generates informative data. Based on four generative tests, we argue that a deep convolutional network learns to represent an identity-based pattern in its latent space; by manipulating only two categorical variables in the latent space, we can actively turn an unreduplicated form into a reduplicated form with no other changes to the output in the majority of cases. We also argue that the network extends the identity-based pattern to unobserved data: when reduplication is forced in the output with the proposed technique for latent space manipulation, the network generates reduplicated data (e.g., it copies an [s] e.g. in [si-siju] for [siju] although it never sees any reduplicated forms containing an [s] in the input). Comparison with human outputs of reduplication show a high degree of similarity. Exploration of how meaningful representations of identity-based patterns emerge and how the latent space variables outside of the training range correlate with identity-based patterns in the output has general implications for neural network interpretability.

For the baby boomer generation and Gen Xers, the goal was to go to a traditional university, receive an education, and then find employment with an established organization they could work with for the rest of their lives. Millennials and generation Z seem less set on traditional university training. They definitely value higher education, but they are looking for alternative ways to receive said education. If they can get a degree without relying on a full time on-campus program, they will opt for that more times than not. As the expense associated with higher education continues to rise, it seems like it attracts more students to distance learning.

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Intra-cardiac Echocardiography (ICE) has been evolving as a real-time imaging modality of choice for guiding electrophiosology and structural heart interventions. ICE provides real-time imaging of anatomy, catheters, and complications such as pericardial effusion or thrombus formation. However, there now exists a high cognitive demand on physicians with the increased reliance on intraprocedural imaging. In response, we present a robotic manipulator for AcuNav ICE catheters to alleviate the physician's burden and support applied methods for more automated. Herein, we introduce two methods towards these goals: (1) a data-driven method to compensate kinematic model errors due to non-linear elasticity in catheter bending, providing more precise robotic control and (2) an automated image recovery process that allows physicians to bookmark images during intervention and automatically return with the push of a button. To validate our error compensation method, we demonstrate a complex rotation of the ultrasound imaging plane evaluated on benchtop. Automated view recovery is validated by repeated imaging of landmarks on benchtop and in vivo experiments with position- and image-based analysis. Results support that a robotic-assist system for more autonomous ICE can provide a safe and efficient tool, potentially reducing the execution time and allowing more complex procedures to become common place.