In recent years, predicting mobile app usage has become increasingly important for areas like app recommendation, user behaviour analysis, and mobile resource management. Existing models, however, struggle with the heterogeneous nature of contextual data and the user cold start problem. This study introduces a novel prediction model, Mobile App Prediction Leveraging Large Language Model Embeddings (MAPLE), which employs Large Language Models (LLMs) and installed app similarity to overcome these challenges. MAPLE utilises the power of LLMs to process contextual data and discern intricate relationships within it effectively. Additionally, we explore the use of installed app similarity to address the cold start problem, facilitating the modelling of user preferences and habits, even for new users with limited historical data. In essence, our research presents MAPLE as a novel, potent, and practical approach to app usage prediction, making significant strides in resolving issues faced by existing models. MAPLE stands out as a comprehensive and effective solution, setting a new benchmark for more precise and personalised app usage predictions. In tests on two real-world datasets, MAPLE surpasses contemporary models in both standard and cold start scenarios. These outcomes validate MAPLE's capacity for precise app usage predictions and its resilience against the cold start problem. This enhanced performance stems from the model's proficiency in capturing complex temporal patterns and leveraging contextual information. As a result, MAPLE can potentially improve personalised mobile app usage predictions and user experiences markedly.

Recent advances in NLP show that language models retain a discernible level of knowledge in deontological ethics and moral norms. However, existing works often treat morality as binary, ranging from right to wrong. This simplistic view does not capture the nuances of moral judgment. Pluralist moral philosophers argue that human morality can be deconstructed into a finite number of elements, respecting individual differences in moral judgment. In line with this view, we build a pluralist moral sentence embedding space via a state-of-the-art contrastive learning approach. We systematically investigate the embedding space by studying the emergence of relationships among moral elements, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our results show that a pluralist approach to morality can be captured in an embedding space. However, moral pluralism is challenging to deduce via self-supervision alone and requires a supervised approach with human labels.

ML-based systems are used today in a wide range of areas, and increasingly also in safety-critical domains. Their range of application is growing exponentially. At the same time, more and more experts are warning of the uncertainties and risks associated with the uncontrolled and overly rapid development of AI systems Bengio et al. [22.03.2023]. In general, there is a growing need to provide methods and procedures for testing functioning and quality characteristics of these systems. Various methods currently exist to test and verify ML-based systems, be it formal verification, simulation approaches or classical testing Albarghouthi, Jackson et al., Vasu Singh et al., or new analysis methods in the context of XAI Hoyer et al., Guidotti et al.. The methods aim for providing evidence on the robustness and trustworthiness of the ML models or ML-based system (ML - Machine Learning). Similar to the traditional development of complex software systems, testing has also proven to be the most effective method for proving quality and gaining trust in ML.

Clarification requests are a mechanism to help solve communication problems, e.g. due to ambiguity or underspecification, in instruction-following interactions. Despite their importance, even skilful models struggle with producing or interpreting such repair acts. In this work, we test three hypotheses concerning the effects of action taking as an auxiliary task in modelling iCR policies. Contrary to initial expectations, we conclude that its contribution to learning an iCR policy is limited, but some information can still be extracted from prediction uncertainty. We present further evidence that even well-motivated, Transformer-based models fail to learn good policies for when to ask Instruction CRs (iCRs), while the task of determining what to ask about can be more successfully modelled. Considering the implications of these findings, we further discuss the shortcomings of the data-driven paradigm for learning meta-communication acts.

This paper presents the results of finetuning large language models (LLMs) for the task of detecting vulnerabilities in source code. We leverage WizardCoder, a recent improvement of the state-of-the-art LLM StarCoder, and adapt it for vulnerability detection through further finetuning. To accelerate training, we modify WizardCoder's training procedure, also we investigate optimal training regimes. For the imbalanced dataset with many more negative examples than positive, we also explore different techniques to improve classification performance. The finetuned WizardCoder model achieves improvement in ROC AUC and F1 measures on balanced and imbalanced vulnerability datasets over CodeBERT-like model, demonstrating the effectiveness of adapting pretrained LLMs for vulnerability detection in source code. The key contributions are finetuning the state-of-the-art code LLM, WizardCoder, increasing its training speed without the performance harm, optimizing the training procedure and regimes, handling class imbalance, and improving performance on difficult vulnerability detection datasets. This demonstrates the potential for transfer learning by finetuning large pretrained language models for specialized source code analysis tasks.

Yield curves are used for a wide variety of tasks in actuarial science and finance for deriving the present value of future cashflows within valuations that apply a market consistent approach. A market consistent approach is required by modern solvency regulations, such as Solvency II, while recently updated accounting standards, such as the recently introduced IFRS 17, require the use of credit and liquidity adjusted yield curves for discounting liabilities, including both life and non-life insurance liabilities. Insurers, and other entities, that report on their liabilities on a discounted basis are exposed to the risk of changes in the interest rates in their markets, which translate directly into changes in the solvency of these entities. Therefore, managing this risk of adverse changes in yield curves - which we refer to as interest rate risk in what follows - is an important task within actuarial work, which is usually considered in the context of corresponding changes in the asset portfolio backing these liabilities, changes in the value of which may act as an offset. This process is, therefore, usually referred to as Asset-Liability Management (ALM).

Causal discovery is the challenging task of inferring causal structure from data. Motivated by Pearl's Causal Hierarchy (PCH), which tells us that passive observations alone are not enough to distinguish correlation from causation, there has been a recent push to incorporate interventions into machine learning research. Reinforcement learning provides a convenient framework for such an active approach to learning. This paper presents CORE, a deep reinforcement learning-based approach for causal discovery and intervention planning. CORE learns to sequentially reconstruct causal graphs from data while learning to perform informative interventions. Our results demonstrate that CORE generalizes to unseen graphs and efficiently uncovers causal structures. Furthermore, CORE scales to larger graphs with up to 10 variables and outperforms existing approaches in structure estimation accuracy and sample efficiency. All relevant code and supplementary material can be found at https://github.com/sa-and/CORE

Powered by the increasing predictive capabilities of machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) systems have begun to be used to overrule human mistakes in many settings. We provide the first field evidence this AI oversight carries psychological costs that can impact human decision-making. We investigate one of the highest visibility settings in which AI oversight has occurred: the Hawk-Eye review of umpires in top tennis tournaments. We find that umpires lowered their overall mistake rate after the introduction of Hawk-Eye review, in line with rational inattention given psychological costs of being overruled by AI. We also find that umpires increased the rate at which they called balls in, which produced a shift from making Type II errors (calling a ball out when in) to Type I errors (calling a ball in when out). We structurally estimate the psychological costs of being overruled by AI using a model of rational inattentive umpires, and our results suggest that because of these costs, umpires cared twice as much about Type II errors under AI oversight.

E-commerce customers frequently seek detailed product information for purchase decisions, commonly contacting sellers directly with extended queries. This manual response requirement imposes additional costs and disrupts buyer's shopping experience with response time fluctuations ranging from hours to days. We seek to automate buyer inquiries to sellers in a leading e-commerce store using a domain-specific federated Question Answering (QA) system. The main challenge is adapting current QA systems, designed for single questions, to address detailed customer queries. We address this with a low-latency, sequence-to-sequence approach, MESSAGE-TO-QUESTION ( M2Q ). It reformulates buyer messages into succinct questions by identifying and extracting the most salient information from a message. Evaluation against baselines shows that M2Q yields relative increases of 757% in question understanding, and 1,746% in answering rate from the federated QA system. Live deployment shows that automatic answering saves sellers from manually responding to millions of messages per year, and also accelerates customer purchase decisions by eliminating the need for buyers to wait for a reply

We find the location of factual knowledge in large language models by exploring the residual stream and analyzing subvalues in vocabulary space. We find the reason why subvalues have human-interpretable concepts when projecting into vocabulary space. The before-softmax values of subvalues are added by an addition function, thus the probability of top tokens in vocabulary space will increase. Based on this, we find using log probability increase to compute the significance of layers and subvalues is better than probability increase, since the curve of log probability increase has a linear monotonically increasing shape. Moreover, we calculate the inner products to evaluate how much a feed-forward network (FFN) subvalue is activated by previous layers. Base on our methods, we find where factual knowledge is stored. Specifically, attention layers store "Paris is related to France". FFN layers store "Paris is a capital/city", activated by attention subvalues related to "capital". We leverage our method on Baevski-18, GPT2 medium, Llama-7B and Llama-13B. Overall, we provide a new method for understanding the mechanism of transformers. We will release our code on github.