Both component functions are in expectation forms, i.e.,

In imperfect information games (IIGs), players may only have access to partial information about the current game state upon taking action.

Mechanism design is a high-impact branch of economics and computer science that studies the implementation of socially desirable outcomes among strategic self-interested agents. Major real-world use cases include combinatorial auctions ( e.g., strategic sourcing, radio spectrum auctions),

For some algorithms like Tree-Ring watermarks, the extracted pattern can also forge convincing watermarks on clean images. Our quantitative and qualitative evaluations across twelve watermarking methods highlight the threat posed by steganalysis to content-agnostic watermarks and the importance of designing watermarking techniques resilient to such analytical attacks.

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For instance, data augmentation consistency regularization [Sohn et al., 2020, Berthelot et al., 2019] generates pseudo-labels from the current model predictions on